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Biomedical subjects

C R Parkhurst

Publications and source records attributed to C R Parkhurst.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Hematology of Japanese quail selected for high or low serum corticosterone responses to complex stressors.

Blood was collected from random-bred male Coturnix coturnix japonica and from quail selected genetically for high or low serum corticosterone responses to complex stressors after chronic exposure to short daily photoperiods and after exposure to long photoperiods. When compared to the low response quail, high response quail exhibited increased mean cellular hemoglobin values, reticulocyte numbers and heterophil percentages, and decreased monocyte and eosinophil numbers after exposure to long photoperiods. The data indicate that these corticosterone response lines can be partitioned by their hematological responses to photoperiodic manipulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Reticulocyte numbers in Japanese quail chicks.

Erythrocyte parameters in Coturnix coturnix japonica were evaluated daily during the first 2 weeks after hatching. Nadirs in total circulating erythrocyte numbers, hematocrit percentages, and hemoglobin concentrations were found during the first 5 days posthatch. Reticulocytosis from 4 to 9 days posthatch ameliorated these nadirs until 12 days posthatch, when secondary nadirs appeared. Erythropoiesis was indicated by reticulocytosis when hemoglobin levels decreased. Reticulocyte maturation was indicated from 3 to 6 days after the onset of erythropoiesis by the predominance of mature erythrocytes in circulation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Egg production in four generations of paired Japanese quail.

Four generations of Japanese quail were hatched in succession starting with the progeny of an Athens Randombred quail colony. In each generation quail were maintained in cages as male-female pairs. The photoperiod was 16 hr of light per day with feed and water available ad libitum. From 6 to 20 weeks of age mortality, egg production, fertility, hatchability, and progeny livability were improved over previously published reports of reproduction in colony cages. Mortality decreased while age at 50% hen-day production, total number of eggs produced, and hatchability increased from the 1st to the 4th generation. This information may be of interest to researchers and commercial producers of Japanese quail.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Intermittent light and growth performance of male turkeys from 2 to 22 weeks of age.

Growth performance of tom turkeys under intermittent lighting was examined. Light treatments were given from 2 to 22 weeks of age and consisted of a control group maintained on 23L:1D and three intermittent lighting regimens: IL:3D repeated 6 times daily, .25L:.75D repeated 24 times daily, and 3L:11D:3L:7D repeated daily. Body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion, mortality, and leg abnormalities were recorded. Body weights of control toms at 18 and 22 weeks of age were significantly smaller than those of each of the intermittent light treatment groups. Weight differences ranged from .7 to 1.3 kg. Body weights among the three intermittent light treatments were similar. Although feed conversions at all five measurement periods were numerically better in all of the intermittent light treatment groups than the control group, differences were not significantly different at and beyond 14 weeks of age. Likewise, no significant differences in mortality or leg disorders occurred among the light treatment groups during the study. The results of this study indicate that tom market turkeys can have a better growth performance, along with a savings in electricity used for lighting, when raised under intermittent lighting rather than under a single, continuous photoperiod of 23 hr/day.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Physiological profile of caged layers during one production year, molt, and postmolt: egg production, egg shell quality, liver, femur, and blood parameters.

A longitudinal study of a flock of Single Comb White Leghorn pullets was initiated at 19 weeks of age (preproduction) and continued through a production year, a forced molt, and for 4 months of postmolt production. A representative sample of hens was obtained at 12-week intervals during the first year and at subsequent selected times. Liver lipid, femur weight, femur volume, femur density, egg weight, shell weight, percent shell, milligrams shell/square centimeter of shell surface area, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, and serum alkaline phosphatase were determined. Percent hen-day production peaked at 90% and then declined by .6 to .7% each week during the first production year. After molting, percent hen-day egg production peaked at 80% and declined .9% per week over the subsequent 20 weeks. Egg weight increased continually during the first production year. Shell weight was greatest immediately postmolt; thereafter it declined. Shell thickness was greatest at 31 weeks of age and declined throughout the first year. After molting, the shell thickness of 83-week-old hens was similar to values of hens about 37 weeks of age. Serum calcium and phosphorus of laying hens were influenced by age, feed intake and environmental temperature. The lowest values occurred during hot weather. Liver lipid was lowest in nonlaying hens (17 to 20%) and was approximately 42% of dry weight in laying hens. Femur density was greater in laying than nonlaying hens.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1984

The effects of light intensity on turkey poult performance, eye morphology, and adrenal weight.

Two trials were completed that examined the effects of light intensity on poult performance, adrenal weight, and ocular size during the first 2 weeks after hatching. In both trials the treatments started on the day of hatching and consisted of 23 hr of light per day of either 1.1, 11, 110, or 220 lx intensity from incandescent bulbs. A light intensity of 1.1 lx, but not 11, 110, or 220 lx, had an adverse effect on poult performance as indicated by significantly smaller body weights, reduced feed intake, and increased mortality in both trials. In addition, the poults in the 1.1 lx treatment group had significantly enlarged eyes in both trials and significantly greater adrenal weights in Trial 2 than the other treatment groups. It was concluded that low light intensity of 1.1 lx resulted in poor poult performance, and this was accompanied by an altered morphology of the eyes and the adrenal gland.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1983

The effect of light intensity on the growth performance of male turkeys.

The growth performance of tom turkeys maintained in closed and open confinement housing was examined. Treatments were initiated on the day of hatching and consisted of constant light intensity of 1, 11, 110, or 220 lx in an enclosed house or sunlight supplemented with 11 or 220 lx at night in an open-sided house; all treatments received a total of 23 hr of light each day (23L:1D). Body weight, feed conversion, mortality, leg abnormalities, and final testes weight were recorded. Growth performance at marker age was not significantly different among treatments except for a heavier 18-week body weight in the open-confinement group given sunlight only (DL) and, in the closed confinement, a better feed conversion in the 11 lx treatment (C11) than the 1 lx treatment (C1) at 22 weeks of age. There was no apparent relationship between light intensity level and leg abnormalities but 22-week testes weight increased as light intensity increased. It was concluded that within closed confinement a constant light intensity of 1 lx resulted in an inferior growth performance, whereas 11 lx was sufficient to allow a growth performance similar to that obtained with 110 or 220 lx. In open confinement, supplemental artificial light at night of 11 or 220 lx did not result in an improved growth performance from birds on natural daylengths.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Grouping in Japanese quail 2. Suppression of humoral immunity.

Four-week-old Japanese quail were placed in either stable (isolate) or unstable (resident-visitor) groupings in this study. The visitor quail were transferred daily to cages containing unfamiliar residents, and the isolate quail were handled daily. The immune responsiveness to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), as indicated by production of hemagglutinins of the visitors and residents, was significantly less than that of the isolates, and the visitors were found to have less antibody than the residents. In subsequent experiments adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was used to compare its effect on immune responsiveness to that caused by grouping. The ACTH caused a suppression in humoral immune response, but only 8 IU ACTH/100 g body weight consistently suppressed antibody levels, indicating that the quail immune system is moderately resistant to this hormone. At the end of the experimental periods the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and adrenal glands were removed. The relative weights of the organs suggested that grouping and ACTH did not induce the classical symptoms of physiological stress. However, stress was not eliminated as a possible cause of the immunosuppressive effects of grouping and ACTH found in this study, because there was significant body weight loss in unstable groupings and in ACTH-treated birds.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1983

The effect of light intensity on turkey poult eye morphology.

In each of two studies the influence of light intensity on the eye morphology of poults was examined. The light intensity treatments were started on the day of hatching and consisted of 1.1, 11, 110, or 220 lx from incandescent bulbs for 23 hr each day. Eye weight, anterior-posterior diameter, and transverse diameter were significantly increased only in the 1.1 lx treatment of both tests. Under the conditions of this test it was concluded that eye morphology of poults can be changed by low light intensity of 1.1 lx but not 11, 110, or 220 lx.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Reproduction in male Japanese quail exposed to microwave radiation during embryogeny.

Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) embryos were exposed continuously to 2.45 GHz CW microwave radiation during the first 12 days of embryogenesis. The incident power density was 5 mW/cm2, and the specific absorption rate (SAR) was 4.03 mW/g. At 23 weeks of age an assessment of the reproductive capacity of the males was performed. Spermatozoal numbers and motility in semen samples which were collected manually were reduced significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01). However, spermatozoal viability and gross morphological characteristics in the exposed birds were not consistently different from the controls. Relative testicular weights were not altered significantly in the exposed males. Percentage of fertile eggs was significantly reduced when exposed males were mated to sham control females. The percentage of fertile eggs obtained from mating exposed males with sham control females was 72.5%, while the percentage of fertile eggs from mating of sham control males with sham control females was 80.4%. These data indicate that reproductive capacity in male Japanese quail is reduced when the birds are exposed to 2.45 GHz CW microwave radiation during embryogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Humoral and cell-mediated immune function in adult Japanese Quail following exposure to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation during embryogeny.

Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, eggs were subjected to 2.45-GHz CW microwave radiation at 5 mW/cm2 (SAR = 4.03 mW/g) during the first 12 days of embryogeny. Following hatching the exposed embryos, as well as nonexposed controls, were reared to 22 weeks of age. Humoral immune potential, as indicated by comparable anti-CRBC antibody, IgM and IgG, levels at 0, 4, and 7 days postimmunization in both exposed and control quail was not affected significantly. However, cell-mediated immune potential, measured by the reaction to intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin-P in the wing web, was reduced in the exposed females, but not in the exposed males. Additionally, total leukocyte numbers and absolute circulating numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes, and heterophils were increased significantly only in the exposed females. These data show that exposure of Japanese quail during embryogenesis reduced cell mediated immune potential and induced a general leukocytosis in females.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Antibody responses to xenogeneic red blood cell challenge in the Japanese quail.

Previous reports indicate that Japanese quail are hyporesponsive to such conventionally used antigens as sheep red blood cells and bovine serum albumin. In this study the immune responsiveness of Japanese quail to several erythrocyte antigens was investigated. The quail produced higher antibody titers when immunized with chukar red blood cells than when immunized with sheep, turkey, or pheasant red blood cells. It is concluded that Japanese quail are capable of producing HA titers comparable in magnitude to those demonstrated by other laboratory animals, when the quail are immunized with an appropriate antigen. Chukar red blood cells are such an antigen.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Some effects of exposure of the Japanese quail embryo to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation.

Exposure of quail eggs 4 hr per day during the first 5 incubation days at 2450 MHz and in an exposure field of 30 mW/cm-2 and at an absorbed power of 14 mW/g does not cause any great change in body weight, observed gross malformations, rbc, wbc, hematocrit, hemoglobin, or differential wbc percentages. If small differences exist in these parameters due to microwave exposure, they are obscured by the large variability between individual quail. This variability is believed to partially result from changing blood values in the developing young quail, and the 2-day spread in ages at the time of sacrifice could account for some of the variability. The overall hatch percentages for the exposed and control eggs were approximately equal. A slight significant decrease (11%) in hemoglobin was noted in the birds irradiated on Day 2. Additional verification, however, is needed, because the observed change is less than the normal range of values observed in young quail. These data do suggest, however, that exposure of developing Japanese quail embryo to microwave radiation of the frequency and power density level used in this study does not preclude normal systemic development, hematologic differentiation, or the general hardiness of the hatched quail.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Leukopenia in neonatal Japanese quail.

Japanese quail were sacrificed at one or two days after hatching. several hematological parameters were measured. A leukopenia occurred in the two-day-old quail. Concomitantly the circulating numbers of lymphocytes were reduced in the older quail. It appears that this functional leukopenia is attributable to reduced numbers of lymphocytes and may represent an heretofore undefined physiological adaptive mechanism which occurs during the early neonatal period.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Adrenal function in chickens experiencing mercury toxicity.

Dietary mercury when administered to young chickens via the drinking water depressed growth, increased the rate of mortality and inhibited the normal maturation of the adrenal glands. Additionally, deficiencies of cholesterol and corticosterone were demonstrated in the adrenals. The exogenous administration of 0.5 or 1.5 mg. of corticosterone/100 gm. of body weight alleviated, in part, the toxic effects of mercury as evidenced by a rapid increase in body weight.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1975

Toxicity of dietary lead in Japanese quail.

The toxicity of dietary lead in Japanese quail was investigated. The data indicated that dietary lead, in the form of lead acetate, was toxic to young quail at the level of 500 p.p.m. and this toxicity was evidenced by an inhibition of normal growth and by anemia. The anemic state in the lead toxic quail was more readily detected by reduced blood hemoglobin concentrations than by packed cell volumes. In addition, the data suggested that lead interfered with normal sexual development in the males. Lead at levels as high as 1000 p.p.m. did not prevent normal primary antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

Hematology of neonatal Japanese quail.

The hematologic development of Japanese quail was studied as a function of time through the first 49 hr post-hatching. Packed cell volumes, hemoglobin levels, erythrocyte and leukocyte numbers, as well as differential percentages of lymphocytes, heterophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes were determined. Additionally, the mean corpuscular volumes, mean corpuscular hemoglobins, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations were calculated. Of particular interest are the increasing mean corpuscular volume and the increasing number of erythrocytes which were observed as the birds aged. Between the 13th and 19th hr after hatching, an almost 2-fold increase in the erythrocyte number was detected with a concomitant decrease in the mean corpuscular volume. These findings indicate that the state of the hematologic system in quail is highly dependent on the stage of post-embryonic maturation.

Animals↗