Polymorphism in benzamide.
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Biomedical subjects
C R Pulham
Publications and source records attributed to C R Pulham.
Some chemical properties of monochlorogallane: decomposition to gallium(I) trichlorogallate(III), Ga(+)[GaCl3H](-), and other reactions.
Thermal decomposition of monochlorogallane, [H2GaCl]n, at ambient temperatures releases H2 and results in the formation of gallium(I) species, including the new compound Ga[GaHCl3], which has been characterized crystallographically at 100 K (monoclinic P2(1)/n, a = 5.730(1), b = 6.787(1), c = 14.508(1) A, beta = 97.902(5) degrees ) and by its Raman spectrum. The gallane suffers symmetrical cleavage of the Ga(mu-Cl)2Ga bridge in its reaction with NMe3 but unsymmetrical cleavage, giving [H2Ga(NH3)2](+)Cl(-), in its reaction with NH3. Ethene inserts into the Ga-H bonds to form first [Et(H)GaCl]2 and then [Et2GaCl]2.
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Preparation and properties of gallaborane, GaBH(6): structure of the gaseous molecule H(2)Ga(mu-H)(2)BH(2) as determined by vibrational, electron diffraction, and ab initio studies, and structure of the crystalline solid at 110 K as determined by X-ray diffraction.
Gallaborane (GaBH(6), 1), synthesized by the metathesis of LiBH(4) with [H(2)GaCl](n) at ca. 250 K, has been characterized by chemical analysis and by its IR and (1)H and (11)B NMR spectra. The IR spectrum of the vapor at low pressure implies the presence of only one species, viz. H(2)Ga(mu-H)(2)BH(2), with a diborane-like structure conforming to C(2v) symmetry. The structure of this molecule has been determined by gas-phase electron diffraction (GED) measurements afforced by the results of ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Hence the principal distances (r(alpha) in A) and angles ( angle(alpha) in deg) are as follows: r(Ga.B), 2.197(3); r(Ga-H(t)), 1.555(6); r(Ga-H(b)), 1.800(6); r(B-H(t)), 1.189(7); r(B-H(b)), 1.286(7); angleH(b)-Ga-H(b), 71.6(4); and angleH(b)-B-H(b), 110.0(5) (t = terminal, b = bridging). Aggregation of the molecules occurs in the condensed phases. X-ray crystallographic studies of a single crystal at 110 K reveal a polymeric network with helical chains made up of alternating pseudotetrahedral GaH(4) and BH(4) units linked through single hydrogen bridges; the average Ga.B distance is now 2.473(7) A. The compound decomposes in the condensed phases at temperatures exceeding ca. 240 K with the formation of elemental Ga and H(2) and B(2)H(6). The reactions with NH(3), Me(3)N, and Me(3)P are also described.
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Monochlorogallane: physical properties and structure of the gaseous molecule H2Ga(mu-Cl)2GaH2 as determined by vibrational, electron diffraction, and ab initio studies.
Monochlorogallane, synthesized by the metathesis of gallium(III) chloride with an excess of trimethylsilane at ca. 250 K, has been characterized by chemical analysis, by its IR, Raman, and 1H NMR spectra, and by the products of its reaction with trimethylamine. The vibrational spectra of the vapor species isolated in solid Ar, N2, or CH4 matrixes at ca. 12 K imply the presence of only one species, viz. the dimer with an equilibrium structure conforming to D2h symmetry. The structure of this molecule has been determined by gas-phase electron diffraction (GED) measurements augmented by the results of ab initio molecular orbital calculations. An equilibrium structure with D2h symmetry has been assumed in the analysis of the electron diffraction pattern. However, as the molecule has a very low frequency Ga(mu-Cl)2Ga ring-puckering mode, a dynamic model was used to describe it with the aid of a set of pseudoconformers spaced at even intervals (deltadelta = 5 degrees, deltamax, = 20 delta) around the ring-puckering angle delta and Boltzmann-weighted according to a quartic potential V(delta) = V4delta4 + V2delta2. The differences in bond distances and angles between the different pseudoconformers were constrained to the values derived from the ab initio calculations employing second-order Moller-Plesset (MP2) methods (with all the electrons included in the correlation calculations) and a 6-311G(d) basis set. The results for the weighted average of the principal distances (ralpha) and angles (<alpha) (with estimated 1sigma uncertainties) from the combined GED/ab initio study are r(Ga-Cl) 2.350(2) A, r(Ga-H) 1.523(20) A, <Cl-Ga-Cl 89.7(5)degrees, <H-Ga-H 135.1 degrees, V4 3.0 x 10(-6) kcal mol(-1) deg(-4), and V2 6.0 x 10(-4) kcal mol(-1) deg(-2).
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