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Biomedical subjects

C R Reynolds

Publications and source records attributed to C R Reynolds.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

The effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure: transient or teratogenic?

The use of cocaine and its smoked derivative, crack, is increasing in America. Among those affected are neonates of women who use cocaine during pregnancy. This paper examines the potential effects of maternal cocaine use upon the developing fetus emphasizing neuropsychological and behavioral effects including those that typically persist into early childhood and beyond. Empirical research should continue to explore the effects of maternal cocaine use focusing on whether or not the many detrimental effects of cocaine use during pregnancy are transient, directly teratogenic, or indirect and due to prolonged hypoxia.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Analysis of WAIS-R factor patterns by sex and race.

Factor analyses of WAIS-R standardization data for samples grouped by sex and race (Black-White) produced congruent factors for the various samples and offered good support for Wechsler's two-scale division of the subtests. The factor structures for males and females produced some interesting differences across the age range that were related to sex-related findings in studies of patients with unilateral brain damage. Additionally, Black males and Black females seemed to use different strategies for solving Wechsler's verbal and nonverbal subtests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Empirical test of the Inglis and Lawson hypothesis about sex differences in WAIS and WAIS-R brain-damage studies.

This study investigated Inglis and Lawson's (1982) hypothesis that sex differences in research on unilateral brain damage is a function of the way females solve nonverbal problems. They argued that females, to a greater extent than males, use verbal strategies when solving Wechsler's Performance subtests. From this hypothesis, it follows that Verbal and Performance IQs should correlate significantly higher for females than for males. This possibility was explored using standardization data from the WAIS-R for ages 16-74. No sex differences in the correlations were noted, arguing against the Inglis-Lawson hypothesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Mechanism of lysis by large granular lymphocyte granule cytolysin: generation of a stable cytolysin-RBC intermediate.

The effect of ionic strength and pH on the hemolytic activity of large granular lymphocyte granule cytolysin was examined in detail. Cytolysin-mediated lysis of RBC was inhibited by either low ionic strength or low pH. Under these conditions a nonlytic cytolysin-RBC intermediate was formed as revealed by hemolysis when cytolysin pretreated cells were washed and resuspended at physiologic ionic strength and pH. Formation of the cytolysin-RBC intermediate at low ionic strength (250 mM sucrose), pH 7.3, required greater than 0.1 mM calcium. In contrast, formation of the intermediate at physiologic ionic strength (150 mM NaCl), pH 6.0, was calcium independent. Both types of intermediates were stable at 37 degrees C and required calcium to induce subsequent lysis. The degree of lysis of the intermediate generated at low ionic strength was similar to that measured under standard conditions with the use of either whole granule preparations or purified cytolysin. However, lysis of intermediates formed at pH 6.0 was much less efficient. Our data indicate that a stable cytolysin-RBC intermediate can be formed in which cytolysin is present in an unreactive state on the RBC surface; under conditions of physiologic ionic strength and calcium concentrations this intermediate rapidly lyses.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Neuropsychological and behavioral sequelae of amitriptyline overdose in infancy.

This study reports on the neuropsychological and behavioral problems of a 3(1/2) year-old boy who was poisoned by his Nanny with a massive dose of amitriptyline hydrochloride subsequent to a period of supranormal development. At the age of 8 months, the child was discovered at home in respiratory distress (he was "blue and not breathing"). Blood gases and toxin screens revealed a serum level of 1065 ng/ml for amitriptyline. The parents have reported a series of serious behavioral and emotional problems since this incident. Neuropsychological data gathered recently at the age of 3(1/2) years indicated a variety of nonfocal signs. Language development, serial processing skills, and attentional mechanisms showed the greatest degree of impairment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Sex, race, residence, region, and education differences on the 11 WAIS-R subtests.

The relationship of test performance on the 11 WAIS-R subtests to five background variables was examined by MANOVAs and univariate ANOVAs on standardization data. For all four broad age groups (16-19, 20-34, 35-54, 55-74), significant differences were found for sex, race, and education main effects. Geographic region produced significant main effects for three of the age groups, but residence yielded significant results only for the oldest group. The pattern of the relationships of subtest scores to each background variable was analyzed, interpreted, and integrated with previous research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Clinical acumen but psychometric naivete in neuropsychological assessment of educational disorders.

Many advances in clinical neuropsychology have resulted from the excellent clinical, observational skills developed in the field. In the development of assessment tools for clinical practice, advances in the field have not paralleled advances in applied psychometrics, especially in the assessment of educationally handicapped children. The Boder Test of Reading Spelling Patterns is examined as a detailed example of outstanding clinical acumen leading to a valuable heuristic that failed when translated into a practical assessment tool, primarily due to a lack of attention to the psychometric aspects of the scale. Implications of the failure to apply modern psychometric standards to test development in clinical neuropsychology are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Normative data on the WAIS-R for Selz and Reitan's index of scatter.

The scatter index of Selz and Reitan (1979) was examined for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised using the national normative sample. Results indicate that means and variances are substantially greater for adults than has been found for children. Correlations of scatter with several subject characteristics were found, which further limits potential utility of the index. Large percentages of the sample exceeded the Selz and Reitan criteria for abnormality, and, thus, invalidated these guidelines for adult populations tested with the WAIS-R.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Permeability properties of mammalian cell nuclei in living cells and in vitro.

The present study evaluates the role of the nuclear envelope in mammalian cells by applying two different approaches using either intact cells of mouse liver or isolated nuclei. In one approach the nuclei were studied with microelectrodes. The transmembrane voltage drop produced by passing current through an impaling microelectrode was measured with a second impaling microelectrode. In the second approach, the permeability of the nuclear envelope was studied by injection of a series of fluorescent probes. Lucifer Yellow CH and a variety of exogenous proteins labelled by conjugation with Lucifer Yellow VS were delivered into either the cytoplasm or the nucleus in situ. The fluorescence of the probe was followed either with a video camera or photographically. The results agree with the idea that the mammalian nuclear envelope is permeable to rather large molecules. Molecules with estimated radii below 2.4 nm seem to exchange rapidly, whereas molecules with estimated radii of 2.8 nm or above are excluded. The low electrical resistance of the envelope yields an estimate of pore radius, in the range of 3.4-6.5 nm.

Animals↗