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Biomedical subjects

C Riddell

Publications and source records attributed to C Riddell.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
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The development of tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chickens.

Two strains of broiler chickens selected for a high and a low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia were fed a standard broiler starter ration with and without added chloride. Development of tibial dyschondroplasia was studied by radiography and serial necropsies. Lesions of tibial dyschondroplasia were mild in the low-incidence strain, regardless of ratio. The defect was more severe in the high-incidence strain and most severe in those birds fed the high-chloride ration. An abnormal thickening of the growth plate was apparent in the high-incidence strain as early as 2 weeks of age and became progressively more severe with age. No significant differences were noted in serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, pCO2, or bone ash between strains of birds or between birds of the same strain fed different rations. Birds fed the high-chloride ration had a higher serum chloride and a lower serum bicarbonate and blood pH than birds on the standard ration.

Animals↗
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Studies on the pathogenesis of tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens. II. Growth rate of long bones.

The growth rate of the tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus, and humerus was studied in two strains of chickens selected for a high and low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. The proximal growth plates grew more rapidly than the distal growth plates. The proximal growth plate of the tibiotarsus grew fastest, while those of the tarsometatarsus and humerus had growth rates that were respectively 4 and 33% slower. The bones averaged slightly faster growth in the high-incidence strain than in the low-incidence strain. A slowed growth decreased the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. However, lack of correlation between growth rate and the development of tibial dyschondroplasia in individual chickens suggested that growth rate may be no more than a contributing factor.

Animals↗
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Studies on the pathogenesis of tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens. III. Effect of body weight.

Surgical severance of the gastrocnemius and flexor tendons on the posterior aspect of the tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal joint in one leg resulted in unilateral lameness in chickens that were susceptible to tibial dyschondroplasia. Perotic-like deformation developed in the operated leg, while the tibiotarsus in the unoperated leg was thicker and bowed in an anterior direction. In nine of 43 chickens with tibial dyschondroplasia the severity of the lesion differed markedly between the operated and unoperated legs. The more severe lesion was in the operated leg in 6 birds, and in the unoperated leg in 3 birds. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that weight-bearing may be important in the pathogenesis of tibial dyschondroplasia.

Animals↗
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Viral tracheitis in goslings in Saskatchewan.

Up to 12% mortality occurred in goslings between 4 and 11 days of age in two sequential hatches from a single breeder flock. Respiratory signs were noted before the birds died. The most consistent necropsy finding was a white opaque plug of fibrin and cellular debris in the trachea. The tracheal epithelium was hyperplastic and metaplastic with intranuclear inclusion bodies present in superficial cells. An adenovirus was isolated in both chicken and goose embryo liver cells.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
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Effects of increasing photoperiod length and anticoccidials on performance and health of roaster chickens.

Male broiler chickens were raised to 63 days of age under different lighting and anticoccidial treatments. A constant-light program was compared with two interrupted and increasing-light programs in which the photoperiod length was 6 hours between 7 and 14 days of age and then increased gradually to continual light by 49 days of age in the first program and more gradually to 18 hours by 49 days of age in the second program. By 63 days of age, the increasing-light programs significantly increased body-weight gain and decreased feed/grain ratio, but not significantly. The increasing-light programs reduced the incidence of skeletal disease from 7.56% to 2.88% in the first program and to 3.53% in the second program, reduced the incidence of acute death syndrome from 5.94% to 3.37% in the first program and to 4.65% in the second program, and reduced total mortality from 18.81% to 11.71% in the first program and to 11.38% in the second program. The lighting programs had no effect on the incidence of ascites and right heart failure, the ratio of right ventricular weight to total ventricular weight, the incidence of clinical and subclinical tibial dyschondroplasia, and the number of cartilaginous and osseous nodules in the lungs. The anticoccidials compared were monensin and amprolium/ethopabate, from 0 to 35 days of age. These treatments had no significant direct effects on any of the parameters measured.

Amprolium↗
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The influence of diet on necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.

Necrotic enteritis was reproduced in broiler chickens by mixing cultures of Clostridium perfringens in the feed. Mortality due to necrotic enteritis was higher among chickens fed rations based on wheat, rye, barley, and oat groats than among chickens fed corn-based rations. Addition of pentosanase to a wheat-based diet did not affect the level of mortality due to necrotic enteritis. Addition of pectin and guar gum to different rations severely reduced growth rate and eliminated necrotic enteritis from test birds. Addition of glucose to a corn-based diet caused a small increase in mortality due to necrotic enteritis.

Animal Feed↗
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Inflammation of the nasal gland in domestic turkeys.

A prominent swelling above the eye of range-reared tom turkeys was found to be due to severe inflammation and hyperplasia of the nasal or salt gland. The incidence of affected turkeys was sporadic, and no mortality or other lesions were associated with the condition.

Animals↗
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A study of cartilaginous nodules in the lungs of domestic poultry.

A high incidence of cartilaginous nodules was found in the lungs of broiler chickens. The incidence was higher in broilers fed ad libitum than in broilers fed a restricted amount of food. A much lower incidence of nodules was found in leghorn-type chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. It was theorized that the nodules may develop from embolic chondrocytes arising from abnormal cartilage, but no correlation could be found between lesions in the cartilage of the broilers and the presence of nodules in their lungs.

Animals↗
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A study of breeder vaccination programs and problems in the broiler progeny in Saskatchewan utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

A survey of antibodies against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and reovirus (RV) was conducted in broiler-breeder flocks and selected progeny broiler flocks utilizing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Marked differences in antibody titers between different breeder flocks were related to differences in vaccination programs. Poor performance in some progeny broiler flocks was related to low antibody titers against IBDV in the source breeder flocks. Progeny broiler flocks in which there was a high incidence of condemnations for airsacculitis had elevated antibody titers against IBV. A few progeny broiler flocks that experienced high mortality due to gangrenous dermatitis had no antibody titers against IBDV at processing. Antibody titers against RV were very variable and could not be related to any production problems.

Animals↗
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Cecal and hepatic granulomas in chickens associated with Heterakis gallinarum infection.

Heterakis gallinarum infection was detected in the ceca of chickens with cecal and hepatic granulomas found at slaughter. The chickens were diagnostic submissions from four small backyard flocks in Saskatchewan. Detailed dissection of some cecal granulomas in one flock and pepsin digestion of cecal granulomas in the three other flocks demonstrated the presence of the parasite within granulomas in three of the flocks. A possible causal relationship between Heterakis gallinarum and the cecal and hepatic granulomas is discussed.

Animals↗
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The influence of dietary calcium and phosphorus on tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chickens.

The incidence and severity of tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chickens were increased by feeding rations containing high levels of phosphorus relative to the level of calcium. Tibial dyschondroplasia was not eliminated by feeding a ration containing 1.5% calcium and 0.5% available phosphorus. Before typical dyschondroplasia developed, chickens fed a high level of phosphorus had uniformly thickened growth plates at 2 weeks of age. The majority of this thickening was due to an increase in the zone of proliferation, identical to that which occurs in calcium-deficiency rickets.

Animals↗
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Chronic rhinitis and sinusitis in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus).

The microscopic lesions in the nasal cavity, nasal bones, and infraorbital sinuses of five budgerigars with chronic upper respiratory tract infection are described. All five had chronic inflammation of the lining of the air spaces within the bones surrounding the nares and infraorbital sinuses.

Animals↗
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A papova-like virus infection of splendid parakeets (Neophema splendida).

The lesions associated with a papova-like virus infection in two splendid parakeets (Neophema splendida) are described. The most obvious microscopic lesion in both birds was enlargement of renal medullary collecting-duct epithelial cells. The nuclei of these cells were also enlarged, pleomorphic, and often bizarre, and intranuclear and intracytoplasmic virus-like particles (48 nm in diameter) were demonstrated within them. One bird also had a hepatopathy characterized by hepatocyte enlargement and nuclear pleomorphism.

Animals↗
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Infectious stunting and pancreatic fibrosis in broiler chickens in Saskatchewan.

Two broiler flocks contained 0.5 and 3% small chickens. The small chickens were approximately one-third the size of their penmates, were very active, and retained much of their chick down. They had distended abdomens with full intestinal tracts, often containing undigested feed. In many, the pancreases were thin, white, and firm because of loss of exocrine tissue and replacement by fibrous tissue. Many had skeletal changes suggestive of rickets. In a survey of 48 broiler flocks for small birds and pancreatic lesions, five flocks had a noticeable incidence of small chickens, varying from less than 1% to a maximum of 2%. In 33 of the flocks surveyed, a low incidence of pancreatic lesions was found in birds at the processing plant. No correlation was found between a noticeable number of small birds at the farm and pancreatic lesions found at processing.

Animals↗
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An epizootiological study of acute death syndrome and leg weakness in broiler chickens in western Canada.

In a survey of 51 broiler chicken flocks, the incidence of chickens dying from acute death syndrome and of those with skeletal deformities varied from 0.71 to 4.07% and from 0.46 to 4.08% among the flocks, respectively. The average incidence of those with skeletal deformities was 1.72%; 1.10% were culled in the field, and 0.62% were condemned or downgraded as carcasses. The major types of skeletal deformities were valgus deformation of the intertarsal joint (70%), varus deformation of the intertarsal joint (9%), tibial rotation (7%), and spondylolisthesis (14%). The strain and source of chickens and the management and nutritional practices were recorded for each flock. Statistical analyses were conducted in an attempt to identify factors that might correlate with the incidence of either chickens dying from acute death syndrome or those with skeletal deformities. Results of these analyses are discussed.

Animal Feed↗
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Cryptosporidiosis in the respiratory tract of turkeys in Saskatchewan.

Developmental stages of Cryptosporidium sp. (Protozoa: Cryptosporiidae) were observed in tracheal epithelium of two groups of turkey poults from a farm in central Saskatchewan. Lesions associated with the parasite included excess mucus, epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia and necrosis, and macrophage and heterophil infiltration in thickened lamina propria. Infection with the parasite was confirmed by histologic and ultrastructural examination of tracheal tissues.

Animals↗