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C Rothschild

Publications and source records attributed to C Rothschild.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Inflammatory arthritis in large cats: an expanded spectrum of spondyloarthropathy.

Spondyloarthropathy was documented for the first time in 14 (3.7%) of 386 large cats, affecting eight species belonging to three genera. The limited distribution of joint erosions, associated with spine and sacroiliac joint pathology, was indistinguishable from that occurring in humans with spondyloarthropathy of the reactive type. This form of inflammatory arthritis is almost twice as common as osteoarthritis (for felids as a whole), and animal well-being may be enhanced by its recognition and by initiation of specific treatment.

Acinonyx↗
PubMed1998

Recognition of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in skeletal remains.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) in skeletons to allow its recognition in the archeologic record. METHODS: Individuals diagnosed in life with diseases known to cause HOA were examined from the Hamman-Todd, Grant, and Terry human skeletal collections. The latter consist of 5142 individuals who died in the early part of this century. A "control" group was obtained by examination of 100 (consecutive, exclusive of HOA related disorders) additional individuals from the Terry Collection, which were accompanied by diagnoses not known to be associated with HOA. Sixty individuals documented with skeletal evidence of syphilis (from the Hamman-Todd Collection) and 73 individuals documented as having skeletal evidence of yaws (from the Ward Site, 4300 ybp) were examined as comparison treponemal disease-derived, periosteal reaction-afflicted populations. RESULTS: In total, 319 individuals were identified with HOA. HOA was recognized as a disorder of distal diaphyseal or diffuse periosteal reaction. Proximally-limited disease virtually eliminates the diagnosis. CONCLUSION: HOA is recognizable as a population phenomenon suggestive, when found in the archeologic record, of underlying chronic pulmonary disease.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1998

French previously untreated patients with severe hemophilia A after exposure to recombinant factor VIII : incidence of inhibitor and evaluation of immune tolerance.

Fifty French previously untreated patients with severe hemophilia A (factor VIII < 1%), treated with only one brand of recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII), were evaluated for inhibitor development, assessment of risk factors and outcome of immune tolerance regimen. The median period on study was 32 months (range 9-74) since the first injection of rFVIII. Fourteen patients (28%) developed an inhibitor, four of whom (8%) with a high titer (> or = 10 BU). All inhibitor patients but one continued to receive rFVIII either for on-demand treatment or for immune tolerance regimen (ITR). Among these patients, inhibitor was transient in 2 (4%), became undetectable in 6 and was still present in 6. The prevalence of inhibitor was 12%. Presence of intron 22 inversion was found to be a risk factor for inhibitor development. Immune tolerance was difficult to achieve in our series despite a follow-up period of 16 to 30 months: immune tolerance was complete in only one out of the 3 patients undergoing low dose ITR and in one out of the 5 patients with high dose ITR.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Identification of childhood arthritis in archaeological material: juvenile rheumatoid arthritis versus juvenile spondyloarthropathy.

The opportunity to examine the defleshed skeleton of an individual diagnosed in life (Hamann-Todd collection, individual 2036) afforded a unique opportunity to demonstrate the bone damage characteristic of at least one form of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Characteristics helpful for recognition of JRA in archaeological material include peripheral articular marginal and subchondral erosions, axial (e.g., zygapophyseal or sacroiliac) joint erosions, fusion of axial (cervical zygapophyseal) and/or peripheral joints, premature epiphyseal closure and/or ballooned epiphyses, growth retardation with underdeveloped (short and overtubulated) long bones, short mandibular rami with underdeveloped condyles and concomitant micrognathia, and demineralization (osteopenia). Distinguishing between JRA and juvenile spondyloarthropathy, however, is not always possible, as illustrated by this case.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMed1997

Recognition of leukemia in skeletal remains: report and comparison of two cases.

Recognition of disease in the archeologic record is facilitated by characterization of the skeletal impact of documented (in life) disease. The present study describes the osteological manifestations of leukemia as identified in the skeletons of two individuals diagnosed during life: a 3-year-old black girl with acute lymphocytic leukemia and a 60-year-old white male with acute myelogenous leukemia in the Hamann-Todd collection. Contrasting with the lack of specificity of radiologic findings, macroscopic skeletal changes appear sufficiently specific to allow distinguishing leukemia from other forms of cancer. While leukemia appears confidently diagnosable, distinguishing among the varieties (e.g., myelogenous and lymphocytic) does not appear possible at this time. Skeletal findings in leukemia are presented in tabular form to facilitate their application to future diagnosis of the disease in the archaeological record.

Archaeology↗
PubMed1997

The elusive petroexoccipital articulation.

In the present study, 1,869 skulls from the Hamann-Todd Collection were examined (macroscopically and by radiographs) for closure of the petroexoccipital articulation (jugular synchrondrosis). The results demonstrated the the petroexoccipital articulation underwent closure between 20 and 50 years of age in most human skulls evaluated. Approximately 7-10% of the human skulls underwent complete union of the petroexoccipital articulation before 20 years of age. In 5-9% of the population, the joint remained completely open. After 50 years of age, there was no increase in the frequency of individuals with incomplete closure. The frequency of "partial closure" was similar (4-8%) for all age groups (20-25, 30-35, 40-45, 50-55, 60-65, and 70+), excluding the 30-35 year old group (17.5%). The time interval necessary for closure to occur appeared to be very short. No significant differences in closure rates due to ethnic origin, gender, or laterality were noted. The utility of the pteroexoccipital articulation as an age estimator is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Why do we fail in aging the skull from the sagittal suture?

The controversy over the reliability of ectocranial suture status (open vs. closed) as an age estimation stimulated the pursuit of Meindl and Lovejoy's suggestion (Meindl and Lovejoy [1985] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 68:57-66) for large scale analysis. The extent of the sagittal suture closure was assessed in 3,636 skulls from the Hamann-Todd and Terry collections. The debate over whether cranial suture ossification represents a pathologic or an age-predictable pathologic process also stimulated a comparison with age and two stress markers, hyperostosis frontalis interna and tuberculosis. Sagittal suture closure was found to be age-independent and sexually biased. The wide confidence intervals (for age) appear to preclude meaningful application of suture status for age determination. No correlation was found with the tested biological stressors.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Recognition of sickle cell anemia in skeletal remains of children.

The present study discusses in detail the osteological changes associated with sickle cell anemia in children and their importance in differential diagnosis. Posterior calcaneal and specific articular surface disruptive metacarpal lesions are diagnostic for sickle cell anemia. Calvarial thickening, tibial and femoral cortical bone thickening, and bowing are of more limited utility in differential diagnosis. Granular osteoporosis, pelvic demineralization and rib broadening are nonspecific. Localized calvarial "ballooning," previously not described, may have diagnostic significance. Bone marrow hyperplastic response (porotic hyperostosis) in sickle cell anemia produces minimal radiologic changes contrasted with that observed in thalassemia and blood loss/hemolytic phenomenon. Two other issues, the osteological criteria for discriminating among the anemias and the purported relationship between porotic hyperostosis and iron deficiency anemia, are also discussed. There is sufficient information to properly diagnose the four major groups of anemias, and further, to establish that iron deficiency is only indirectly associated with porotic hyperostosis. The hyperproliferative bone marrow response (manifest as porotic hyperostosis) to blood loss or hemolysis exhausts iron stores, resulting in secondary iron deficiency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Hepatitis C virus genotypes in French haemophiliacs: kinetics and reappraisal of mixed infections.

The distribution and kinetics of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and the prevalence of mixed infections were studied in a group of 45 French patients with haemophilia A or B or von Willebrand's disease, 21 of them being anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive; genotyping was carried out by three methods based on the core, 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), and the detection of type-specific NS4 antibodies. Genotyping of the 5'UTR revealed genotypes 1a (n = 10), 1b (n = 13), 2a (n = 3), 2b (n = 4), 2NC (n = 3), 3a (n = 10), and two mixed infections (1a + 1b and 3a + 2). Five of 33 patients showed a change from one HCV genotype to another. The core genotyping assay showed 8 of 45 mixed infections: 6/8 1a + 1b and 2/8 3a + 2. Sequencing of core polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products showed that mixed infection 1a + 1b could be explained by nonspecific annealing of the 1b primer to type 1a sequence. By designing new primers whose sequence was more specific to HCV types 1a and 1b, we could confirm 1a + 1b mixed infection in only one of six cases. Serotyping assay showed for 17 of 21 anti-HIV negative patients a concordance with the 5'UTR genotype; however, only 6 of 19 anti-HIV positive patients showed detectable serological reactivity. In summary, we have observed a similar HCV genotype distribution between our haemophilic group and the French anti-HCV positive patients. The study demonstrates the difficulties of assessing with the presently available genotyping and serotyping assays the real prevalence of mixed infections in multiply transfused patients.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1997

Multicenter retrospective study on the utilization of FEIBA in France in patients with factor VIII and factor IX inhibitors. French FEIBA Study Group. Factor Eight Bypassing Activity.

Factor VIII or factor IX replacement is frequently impossible in inhibitor-developing hemophiliacs, because of the level of the inhibitor titer. Activated prothrombin complex concentrates are one of the available options to treat the bleeding episodes in such patients. However, the efficacy of these products and the associated thrombogenic risk, particularly in prolonged administration such as employed during surgeries, are important concerns for hemophilia care providers. We performed a multicenter retrospective study to evaluate the use of FEIBA (Factor Eight Bypassing Activity) in France, and data is presented on 433 bleeding episodes, including surgical procedures, concerning 60 patients from 15 hemophilia centers. The efficacy was judged as good or excellent in 352 episodes (81.3%), poor in 73 episodes (16.9%) and non-existent in 8 episodes (1.8%). Minor and major surgical procedures were successfully performed using FEIBA as a second-line therapy after human or porcine factor VIII, and in some occasions FEIBA was utilized as the only substitution product. The tolerance was assessed as good in 428 episodes (98.8%), but in 5 cases adverse effects were reported. Only 3 patients out of 52 regularly evaluated (5.8%) were HIV-seropositive, and for two of them the seroconversion occurred prior to the first use of FEIBA. In contrast, 80.4% of the patients were HCV-seropositive. An anamnestic response after the administration of FEIBA was noted in 31.5% of cases. This study points out the main features of the use of FEIBA in France, and particularly the low HIV seroprevalence in the patients treated. The good efficacy and the excellent tolerance still confer to this product a place to consider in the therapeutic options for the treatment of inhibitor-developing hemophiliacs or in acquired hemophilia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of radiologic and gross examination for detection of cancer in defleshed skeletons.

The reliability of visual examination of defleshed bones was assessed for detection of postcranial metastatic disease in individuals known to have had cancer. This was compared with standard clinical radiologic techniques. The skeletons of 128 diagnosed cancer patients from an early 20th century autopsied skeletal collection (Hamann-Todd Collection) were examined. Radiologic examination detected evidence of metastatic disease in 33 individuals, compared to 11 by visual examination of the postcranial skeletons. Four of these cases were detected by both techniques. Blastic lesions were most commonly overlooked on visual examination, because they were localized to trabecular (internal bone) structures. The ilium was the most commonly affected bone, with lytic or blastic lesions detected in 30 of 33 individuals. While the proximal femur was affected in only nine individuals, x-ray of the proximal femur and ilium detected all individuals with postcranial evidence of metastatic disease. Skeletal distribution of metastases provides no clue to the location of origin or histologic subtype of the cancer. Survey of archeological human remains for metastatic cancer requires radiologic examination. Such skeletal surveys should x-ray at least the ilia and femora.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMed1995

Treponemal disease revisited: skeletal discriminators for yaws, bejel, and venereal syphilis.

Assigning responsibility for the origins of treponemal disease has been complicated because of the (diagnostic) impreciseness of the historical written record and the inability to microbiologically distinguish among the treponematoses. Bedouin skeletal remains of individuals from the Negev area of Israel who had bejel, skeletons from the Todd human skeleton collection of individuals in whom syphilis was diagnosed, and skeletal remains from Guam of individuals who had yaws were analyzed to quantitatively assess their skeletal damage. The osseous reactions, although reproducible for each variety of treponemal disease, are not uniform among these skeletons. Examination of population frequency, demographics, character, and skeletal distribution of osseous treponemal damage in these skeletal sites provides clear, reproducible clues to the identity of the underlying treponematosis: bejel and yaws are common (> 20% according to skeletal findings) in the population. Syphilis and bejel usually spare the hands and feet. Yaws tends to be more polyostotic. Analysis of these parameters as population phenomena in pre-Columbian archeological sites should afford the opportunity to define the origins of the various treponemal disorders.

Archaeology↗