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C S Rodriguez

Publications and source records attributed to C S Rodriguez.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Pain measurement in the elderly: a review.

Measurement of pain in the elderly is an issue that has received limited attention. The purpose of this review was to analyze and synthesize research findings from 1975 to 1999 that are related to pain measurement in the elderly. Based on best-evidence synthesis criteria, the review led to the selection of 15 studies. These studies used a descriptive and quantitative analytic approach and were not based on a theoretical framework. Comparison of selected pain measurement tools was incorporated in 40% of the included studies. Substantial gaps in knowledge were identified; namely, these included determining the reliability and validity of selected tools for the institutionalized or community-dwelling elder; modifying instruments to overcome barriers such as communication issues, cultural diversity, or cognitive dysfunction; and expanding the scope of pain measurement to other dimensions of the pain experience.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Studies of resistance to chloroquine, quinine, amodiaquine and mefloquine among Philippine strains of Plasmodium falciparum.

One hundred cases of slide-confirmed Plasmodium falciparum malaria admitted to the San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, Philippines were screened for in vitro resistance to chloroquine, quinine, amodiaquine and mefloquine using the microtechnique. 59 of the 100 primary parasite isolates produced schizonts, whereas the remaining 41 isolates did not. 51 of the 59 isolates tested were resistant in vitro to chloroquine and eight were sensitive. In contrast, three of the primary isolates were resistant to quinine, three showed resistance to amodiaquine and four were mefloquine-resistant. 43 of the strains judged chloroquine-resistant in vitro were fully in vitro sensitive to amodiaquine, quinine and mefloquine. One chloroquine-resistant isolate was also resistant to quinine alone. Three isolates that were resistant to chloroquine were also resistant to amodiaquine. An additional three were cross-resistant to chloroquine and mefloquine. A single isolate was found to be resistant to chloroquine, quinine and mefloquine and another was cross-resistant to chloroquine, quinine and amodiaquine. All strains demonstrating in vitro resistance to amodiaquine, quinine or mefloquine also showed in vitro resistance to chloroquine. The parasites in 22 patients showed in vivo resistance to chloroquine therapy. 86% were of the R1 type, 9% were R2 and 5% R3. All 22 patients demonstrating in vivo resistance to chloroquine showed in vitro resistance.

Amodiaquine↗
PubMed1983

Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum: effect of rabbit serum and incubation time on the in vitro (microtechnique) prediction of in vivo resistance.

A study of chloroquine resistance of 54 isolates of Plasmodium falciparum is reported. Sixty-four percent of the isolates tested produced schizonts in vitro (micro-technique), whereas the remaining 36 percent did not. The accuracy of the in vitro test to predict in vivo resistance was increased when the primary parasite isolates were cultured in the presence of rabbit serum and when the cultures were allowed to incubate for more than 48 hours. Thirteen isolates of P. falciparum that showed in vitro resistance were confirmed in vivo resistant. Eleven of these cases were identified as R-I and two as R-II. Only one case of in vivo resistance (R-II) was observed among the 19 isolates that failed to produce schizonts in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Chloroquine and quinine resistant Plasmodium falciparum on the island of Mindoro, Philippines, 1982.

A field study was conducted on the island of Mindoro, Republic of the Philippines in which over 800 persons were screened for malaria and approximately 8% were found positive. The in vitro microtechnique was used to test for sensitivity to chloroquine, amodiaquine, mefloquine and quinine in 20 slide-confirmed P. falciparum cases. Sixteen of these cases were also followed for in vivo chloroquine sensitivity. Four cases showed in vitro resistance to chloroquine; 2 also showed resistance to quinine. All showed in vitro sensitivity to mefloquine and amodiaquine. The results of in vivo test were consistent with either a sensitive (S) or R-1, resistant response to chloroquine. Taken together, the in vitro and in vivo chloroquine tests indicate 4 cases of chloroquine resistance at the R1 level.

Chloroquine↗