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Biomedical subjects

C Saxinger

Publications and source records attributed to C Saxinger.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Oral candidal infection as a sign of HIV infection in homosexual men.

The oral mucosae of 66 homosexual men were examined clinically and by means of cultivation to determine the presence of Candida infection. In addition, clinically detected mucosal changes were recorded and a biopsy specimen was obtained for the histopathologic classification. A total of forty one subjects (62%) showed clinical evidence of candidiasis. Fourteen (21%) of the sixty-six men were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A total of thirteen of fourteen (93%) of the seropositive men and twenty-six of fifty-two (50%) of the HIV seronegative men had culture-confirmed oral candidiasis. In the latter group, oral candidiasis was clearly correlated to cigarette smoking. Clinical mucosal changes other than candidiasis were found in forty-five of the sixty-six subjects studied. The most frequent finding was trauma resulting from biting, which was usually localized on the cheek. Leukoplakia was found in twelve of sixty-six subjects, while cauliflower-like condylomas were present in 4 persons. The results emphasize the frequent occurrence of different oral lesions in subjects seropositive for HIV and in those at high risk for HIV infection. Oral examination in search for potential early manifestations of HIV infection in homosexual men is advocated.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1988

Antibody reactivity with HBLV (HHV-6) in U.S. populations.

500 sera representing healthy blood donors and a random representation of the U.S. population collected 10 years ago were screened by ELISA for antibody reactivity with purified, disrupted HBLV virions. In each group, the ELISA results were normally distributed with no evidence of bimodality. All sera were subsequently retested after preincubation of each with well-characterized preparations of disrupted HSB-2 cells or HBLV-infected HSB-2 cells. Sera showing significant levels of HBLV-specific neutralization (50% or more) were found in Minneapolis, Kansas City, and in a random population survey (81, 88 and 97% of donors, respectively). Mean ELISA test values were the same for all groups and for males and females within the same group. Sera from these normal donors reacted preferentially with viral antigens of 120 and 58 kDa by Western blot. In a hospital-based prevalence study, frequent IgM and IgG seroconversions were apparent among infants less than 1 year old, and mean ELISA test values reached the adult level before school age. Antigen preparations used in blocking experiments showed no competitive cross-reactivity with antisera against EBV, CMV, HSV, VZV, HIV, or adenovirus type 2 at levels which reduced antibody binding to HBLV by more than 90%. Antibody cross-reactivities towards HBLV and other human herpesviruses were assessed by cross-correlation of viral antibody titers against all of the viruses and by cross-absorptions of antisera against the other viruses with HBLV. In these experiments no antibody cross-reactivity between HBLV and other human herpesviruses were detected. The significance of these findings with respect to health/disease status is presently unknown. Further seroepidemiologic studies of quantitative levels of HBLV antibody reactivity to measure the age of primary infection and progressive changes in healthy and selected disease populations are needed to determine the risk of disease associated with HBLV infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

In vitro inhibition of human herpesvirus-6 by phosphonoformate.

HSB-2 cell cultures productively infected with human herpesvirus-6 were treated with the antiviral drugs phosphonoformic acid (PFA), acyclovir (ACV), and gancyclovir (DHPG). ACV and DHPG showed significant toxic effects on uninfected HSB-2 cells, yet only incompletely inhibited viral expression upon infection of the cells. PFA, however, showed little direct toxicity on HSB-2 cells while viral replication was inhibited significantly.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1988

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) seroepidemiology and risk factors in metropolitan Panamá.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection and associated hematologic malignancies cluster in Japan, the Caribbean basin, and Central Africa. The authors believe that this study of HTLV-I seroepidemiology in the Republic of Panamá is the first detailed analytic study of environmental factors pertaining to HTLV-I infection in representative tropical populations. The study analyzed observational data concerning housing conditions, family composition, and demographic and behavioral attributes as risk factors for HTLV-I infection (HTLV-I antibody). The 745 study subjects were residents of representative households in Panamá City and Colón. Overall, 5% of sera had antibody against HTLV-I, detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by competitive binding. Housing conditions, race, and socioeconomic factors were not associated with infection nor did infection cluster in families. Interview of 706 women enrolled in cervical cancer studies documented that female sexual experience (number of marriages or sexual partners) was associated with HTLV-I infection. These findings support the hypothesis that HTLV-I is not transmitted by casual contact but requires exposures involving exchange of bodily fluids.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Lack of relation between human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection and systemic lupus erythematosus in Jamaica, West Indies.

To determine whether systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with human T-lymphotropic virus, type I (HTLV-I) infection in Jamaica, an endemic area for the virus, we studied 63 patients with SLE at the University Hospital of the West Indies in Kingston. Antibodies to HTLV-I were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique using purified disrupted whole virus as antigen, with confirmation by p24 protein RIA or competitive binding. Four of 63 SLE patients were HTLV-I seropositive (6.3%). There was no evidence for excess HTLV-I infection in SLE patients when their age- and sex-standardized HTLV-I seroprevalence rate was compared to that of a large group of healthy food service employees. None of 13 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were seropositive for HTLV-I. We conclude that HTLV-I infection does not appear to be linked with SLE in Jamaica.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Pathogenetic role of HIV infection in Kaposi's sarcoma of equatorial East Africa.

Thirty residents of north-central Tanzania with various forms of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) were evaluated. The absolute number of peripheral blood OKT4 lymphocytes in patients and Tanzanian control subjects tended to be low (in comparison with healthy young American adults), and many had inverted T4/T8 ratios. Plasma polyclonal beta- and gamma-globulin concentrations were increased in many patients with KS and in control patients in Tanzania with chronic dermatopathies, but not in African hospital employees and patients undergoing elective surgery. Three of nine patients with locally aggressive KS possessed antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lyphadenopathy-associated virus (HIV), but none had evidence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or the AIDS-related complex. Three patients with disseminated, rapidly progressive KS and high HIV-antibody titers had an immunologic and clinical picture consistent with AIDS. Two of 13 patients with the classic plaque/nodular form of KS had low plasma titers of HIV antibody, but the significance of these serologic findings is not known. The evidence suggests that HIV plays a role in the pathogenesis of some cases of KS in East Africa, but most patients with KS in East Africa have no evidence of overt immunologic deficiency or HIV infection.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed1987

Excess HLA antigens after transfusion of sickle cell patient with AIDS.

A woman with sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease developed the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), possibly as the result of blood transfusions administered 4 years earlier. Three months after subsequent transfusions, she had excess HLA-A and DR antigens (triplets) on her circulating lymphocytes. Three of her first-degree relatives were HLA-typed, and none had excess antigens. Family studies also indicated that the patient had at least one HLA-A antigen that was probably not inherited. These findings suggest the possibility that transient hemopoietic engraftment can occur in transfused sickle cell patients with AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Immune impairments and antibodies to HTLVIII/LAV in asymptomatic male homosexuals in Israel: relevance to the risk of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

We have studied 288 Israeli asymptomatic male homosexuals (MHS) to determine the prevalence of antibodies to HTLVI and HTLVIII and their correlation with impairments of the immune system and serum interferon (IFN). Seropositivity for HTLVI, HTLVIII, or both was found in 1.4, 8.3, and 0%, respectively. Significant decreases in the total peripheral T cells, TH cells, and TH/TS ratio as well as elevated alpha IFN serum levels were found in the MHS group in comparison with normal controls. Although no difference in the prevalence of either immune derangements or elevated serum IFN was observed between HTLVIII/LAV-seropositive and HTLVIII/LAV-seronegative MHS, the decreases in total T cells, TH cells, and TH/TS ratios were significantly greater in the seropositive MHS. These results indicate that (a) immune impairments and IFN system activation occur commonly in homosexuals, precede their exposure to HTLVIII/LAV, and probably reflect this group's increased risk for AIDS and (b) HTLVIII/LAV infection of MHS aggravates further their preexisting immune impairments.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

A lymphoproliferative disorder caused by human T-lymphotropic virus type I. Demonstration of a continuum between acute and chronic adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

A 35-year-old black man is described who had a human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection while living in a non-endemic region. A lymphoproliferative disorder developed that might be considered as a transition stage between acute and chronic adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. This suggests that HTLV-I-induced neoplasias represent a continuous disease spectrum.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Stages in the progression of HIV infection in chimpanzees.

Circulating HIV antigens and HIV specific antibodies in sera of experimentally infected chimpanzees were monitored by ELISA immunoassay, Western blot, and radioimmunoprecipitation procedures. Three of three chimpanzees given plasma from patients with AIDS or ARC tested positive for HIV antigens beginning six to ten weeks after transfusion. Antigen production rose sharply but was of short duration. Despite their proven infectivity and the presence of anti-HIV antibody, all donors to these chimpanzees tested negative for the HIV antigen. Of the three animals that developed HIV antigen one animal did not produce any HIV antibodies or evidence of disease. A second produced antibodies to only the p24 and p18 antigens and remained clinically well. The third produced antibodies beginning with anti-p24, to all the major HIV proteins except gp120, and then developed marked lymphadenopathy which persisted for 32 weeks. Antibody persistence after the disappearance of clinical disease was variable and was greatest for gp41 and least for p24. These data may be of value in the interpretation of human serological testing for HIV and in further studies of the sequence of events leading to the pathological effects of HIV infection. A significant value of the chimpanzee model is the capacity of this animal to respond in a variety of ways to HIV infection, suggesting the existence of successive or alternate states of early HIV infection, and may have implications in the design of early interventions.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed1987

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Jamaica and its relation to adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma.

Of 95 patients consecutively diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 52 (55%) had antibodies to human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus, type I. Antibody positivity was strongly associated with skin involvement, leukemia, and hypercalcemia (p less than 0.02). Two patients had systemic opportunistic infections. Neither meningeal nor lung infiltration was detected, and lymph node infiltration was diffuse in all patients. Of 36 patients who received immunophenotypic classifications, 30 had diseases that affected the T-cell system, and the cells of all tested patients with these diseases showed the helper/inducer (T4) phenotype. Twenty-seven of these thirty-six patients were found to have adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma, and of the 27, 24 had antibodies to HTLV-I. The median duration of survival in patients with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma was 17 weeks, but a subgroup of 9 patients had indolent courses and a median survival of 81 weeks, which suggests that the disease has differing expression with courses that range from smoldering and indolent to acute and rapidly fatal. Hypercalcemia was the most important prognostic determinant of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Normal T cell subsets in homosexual men living in a community without endemic AIDS.

The cause of the abnormal T lymphocyte subsets reported in healthy homosexual men is not known. Frequent sexually transmitted infections including human T cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) are possible causes. To determine if the T lymphocyte subsets were abnormal in this population in an area without endemic acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), T lymphocyte subsets of 52 homosexual men in Rochester, New York, were enumerated, and evidence of infections known to cause these abnormalities was sought. Unlike the findings in previous reports, relative numbers of T helper and T suppressor cells and helper/suppressor T cell ratios were normal. Prevalence of cytomegalovirus infection (86 percent) was similar to that found in analogous populations, but only 9 percent had seropositive results for HTLV-III/LAV. Men with serologic evidence of nonprimary cytomegalovirus disease had lower helper/suppressor T cell ratios (1.5 +/- 0.2 versus 2.2 +/- 0.2; p less than 0.01). Hence, despite frequent infections with cytomegalovirus and other sexually transmitted pathogens, T cell subsets are normal in homosexual men in an area without endemic AIDS. Therefore, HTLV-III/LAV is primarily responsible for the T cell abnormalities observed elsewhere.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Occurrence of human T cell lymphotropic virus (type I) antibodies in cutaneous T cell lymphoma.

Of 315 patients from Scandinavia and West Germany with cutaneous T cell lymphoma, thirty-six (11.4%) had specific antibodies reactive against human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). Among the HTLV-I antibody-positive patients, one had Sézary syndrome; five, mycosis fungoides, plaque stage; sixteen, mycosis fungoides, plaque stage with nondiagnostic histologic features; and three, lymphomatoid papulosis. All the patients from the Copenhagen area had several samples taken during the course of their disease, but the HTLV-I antibody titer was unaltered independent of the clinical stage the individual patient had at the time of the study. Eighty-three patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were tested for HTLV-I antibodies, and all except two showed negative results. The finding of specific antibodies reactive against HTLV-I in cutaneous T cell lymphoma suggests that a retrovirus related to HTLV-I plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cutaneous T cell lymphoma.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1986

Stimulatory and inhibitory influences of human immunodeficiency virus on normal B lymphocytes.

B-lymphocyte dysfunction is a characteristic feature of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and of the AIDS-related complex. The aim of the present study was to further examine the influences exercised by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; formerly called human T-lymphotropic virus type III or lymphadenopathy-associated virus, HTLV-III/LAV) on normal human B lymphocytes. An unfractionated protein preparation, made from HIV purified by density gradient centrifugation, was previously shown to induce differentiation of normal human B lymphocytes into immunoglobulin-secreting cells. In the present analyses, this B-lymphocyte response peaked on day 6 or 7 after culture initiation and was found to be independent of the requirement for monocytes but to require T cells. Responses could also be elicited in cultures of purified B cells by the addition of T cells that had been exposed to HIV antigen. Inhibitors of protein synthesis (puromycin and cycloheximide) abrogated the responses. In contrast to its stimulatory effects, the same virus preparation was previously shown to inhibit polyclonal responses that are normally elicited in peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures by a T-dependent stimulus (pokeweed mitogen) and T-independent stimulus (Epstein-Barr virus). The present studies suggest that the inhibitory effects of the HIV antigen studied herein are targeted primarily at the B lymphocytes. The role of T lymphocytes in the HIV antigen-mediated inhibitory effects, although demonstrated, could not be conclusively established as an essential pathway. These findings elucidate mechanisms by which components of HIV exert stimulatory as well as inhibitory effects on human B lymphocytes and thereby lead to the dysfunction of these cells in HIV infection.

Antibody-Producing Cells↗
PubMed1985

Seroepidemiologic studies of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I in Jamaica.

The prevalence of HTLV-I antibodies was evaluated in Jamaica among persons with various malignant, infectious, autoimmune and hematologic disorders and in clinically normal persons. Results document that: (1) the prevalence of HTLV-I antibodies in this population increases with age; (2) overall, there is no significant difference in the antibody prevalence between males and females; (3) antibody-positive individuals are born in all major regions of the island and geographical variance in antibody prevalence by place of birth was not prominent; (4) there is further confirmation of the high prevalence of HTLV-I antibody-positive lymphomas in Jamaica; and (5) the prevalence of HTLV-I antibodies in hemophiliacs, patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), myelogenous leukemias, and patients with breast cancer is higher than in the age-matched population without malignancies, although none of these differences were statistically significant. The increased prevalence in hemophiliacs is most likely related to their frequent transfusion with blood products, but it has not yet been determined whether the prevalence in patients with other diseases is related to their diseases or other as yet undefined factors in common.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Racial and other characteristics of human T cell leukemia/lymphoma (HTLV-I) and AIDS (HTLV-III) in Trinidad.

Adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma was first recognised as a clinical entity in southwest Japan. Subsequently the Caribbean has been found to be another area where the disease is endemic, and sporadic cases have been identified in different parts of the world. The human T cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV-I) is causally related to adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma. A subgroup of HTLV, designated HTLV-III, has recently been isolated from many patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and preAIDS, and there is now evidence that this variant is the primary cause of AIDS. This is the first report from Trinidad to describe 12 cases of adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma and 14 of AIDS. All were in patients of African descent. No cases were seen in subjects of East Indian descent, who, like those of African descent, comprise as much as 40% of the population. West Indians of African descent may have increased susceptibility to infection with both HTLV-I and HTLV-III.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗