[Regulatory mechanisms of gastric emptying].
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Gastric Emptying↗
Biomedical subjects
C Shibata
Publications and source records attributed to C Shibata.
Duodenal but not gastric transection disturbs motility of the sphincter of Oddi in the dog.
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of gastric and duodenal transection on biliary manometry in anesthetized dogs. The basal biliary pressure and increase in pressure during saline perfusion at rates of 1.0 and 1.5 ml/min were studied in intact controls, during infusion of cholecystokinin (CCK) alone, and after gastric and duodenal transection. CCK dose-dependently lowered the basal pressure and the increase in pressure during perfusion. Gastric transection 1.5 cm proximal to the pylorus did not affect these parameters. In contrast, duodenal transection 1.0 cm distal to the pylorus significantly increased these parameters compared to all other groups. These observations suggest that the proximal duodenal transection, as performed during conventional distal gastrectomy, may contribute to the pathogenesis of postgastrectomy gallstone formation by altering motor function of the sphincter of Oddi.
Animals↗
Adrenergic denervation hypersensitivity in ileal circular smooth muscle after small bowel transplantation in rats.
Effects of small bowel transplantation (SBT) on ileal motility are unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in spontaneous contractile activity and sensitivity to cholinergic and adrenergic agents in the ileal circular muscle after SBT in rats. Orthotopic SBT was performed in syngeneic rats to avoid immune phenomena. Distal ileal circular muscle strips from rats one week (N = 10) and eight weeks (N = 10) after SBT were stretched to optimal length (Lo), and basal spontaneous activity at Lo was measured. Dose-response experiments to the cholinergic agonist bethanechol (Be, 10(-8)-10(-4) M) were performed in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX, 10(-6) M) and to the adrenergic agonist norepinephrine (NE, 10(-8)-10(-4) M) with or without TTX. ED50 (negative log of drug-concentration that induced 50% effect) was calculated. We also studied rats with selective jejunoileal ischemia/ reperfusion, intestinal transection/reanastomosis, naive controls, and sham operated controls (N > or = 8/group). Spontaneous basal activity did not differ among groups. Sensitivity to Be was not different in rats after SBT or in other groups compared to control tissue. After SBT, hypersensitivity to NE was shown by a significant increase of ED50 at one and eight weeks after SBT (5.1 +/- 0.3 vs 6.2 +/- 0.4 and 6.2 +/- 0.2, respectively; P < 0.05) regardless of the presence of TTX. No hypersensitivity was observed after ischemia-reperfusion intestinal transection-reanastomosis, or sham operation. It is concluded that ileal hypersensitivity to NE was related to the extrinsic denervation obligated by the transplantation procedure, possibly mediated through an increase in number of receptors on smooth muscle, not on the enteric nerves.
Adrenergic Agonists↗
Extended strictureplasty for multiple short skipped strictures of Crohn's disease.
PURPOSE: We will describe a new procedure for treatment of multiple short strictures involving a short segment of Crohn's disease. METHODS: This procedure involves the following: 1) stay sutures at the mid portion of the two strictures; 2) an antimesenteric longitudinal enterotomy of 12 cm or more; 3) two or three interrupted transmural sutures in the four lateral portions of the two stenoses; 4) a transverse running suture, according to Heineke-Mikulicz-type strictureplasty; and 5) interrupted seromuscular sutures. RESULTS: We performed four such "double Heineke-Mikulicz"-type strictureplasties in three patients with Crohn's disease without postoperative complications. CONCLUSION: This type of double Heineke-Mikulicz-type strictureplasty is suitable for multiple short skipped strictures of Crohn's disease in selected patients.
Adult↗
Chronic bile diversion to the urinary bladder enhances cholecystokinin release and suppresses gastric inhibitory polypeptide release in dogs.
The role of intestinal luminal bile on cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) release was examined in dogs with chronic external bile diversion. In 6 mongrel dogs, cholecysto-jejuno-cystostomy (C-J-C) was performed using a small segment of the middle small intestine interposed between the gallbladder and urinary bladder with section of the common bile duct. Butter dissolved in 30 ml of lukewarm water was orally ingested before surgery, and same amount of butter solution with or without graded volumes of canine bile were orally ingested between four to six weeks after C-J-C surgery. Increases in both plasma triglyceride and GIP levels after butter ingestion were almost completely abolished by C-J-C, but they were restored by oral bile feeding in a volume-dependent manner. Both basal and fat-stimulated CCK release were enhanced significantly by C-J-C, and oral bile feeding inhibited fat-stimulated CCK release by bile in a dose dependent manner. These data suggest that intraluminal bile regulates basal and fat-stimulated CCK release and fat-stimulated GIP release in dogs.
Animals↗
Modified procedure with a surgical stapler for construction of a Pavlov pouch in dogs.
An aim of this study was to establish a simple method for the construction of a Pavlov pouch that is free of fistula formation between the main part of the stomach and the pouch, yet preserves maximal vagal innervation. The Pavlov pouch (vagally innervated gastric pouch) was constructed from the greater curvature of the gastric corpus at the level of the splenic hilus in four dogs. The plane between the mucosal and seromuscular layers was dissected bluntly along the medial margin of the pouch. A surgical stapler was introduced into the space between the mucosal and seromuscular layers, and the pouch was completely separated from the main part of the stomach enterically at the mucosal level but remained connected via the seromuscular layers. All dogs survived the operation and lost minimal weight; fistulas were not found between the remnant stomach and the pouch at necropsy 6 to 8 weeks later. Gastric acid secretion for 30 to 90 min after insulin-induced hypoglycemia, which increases vagal tone, was significantly increased compared to that before insulin injection, confirming preservation of vagal innervation to the pouch. Our technique to create a Pavlov pouch is superior to the methods reported previously because of its simplicity, lower prevalence of fistula formation, and reliable preservation of vagal innervation to the pouch.
Animals↗
Intragastric capsaicin stimulates colonic motility via a neural reflex in conscious dogs.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Capsaicin is known to contract smooth muscles and to have an excitatory action on thin, primary afferent neurons. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that intragastric capsaicin may have an excitatory effect on colonic motility. METHODS: Mongrel dogs equipped with five strain-gauge force transducers on the colon (C1-C5) were used. In 5 dogs, the effect of intragastric capsaicin (0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/kg) on colonic motility in the presence or absence of the cholinergic blockers atropine and hexamethonium was studied. In 4 dogs, the effect of capsaicin (0.5 mg/kg) administration into a vagally innervated or denervated gastric pouch on colonic motility was investigated. RESULTS: Motility at C2-C3, C1-C3, and C1-C5 was significantly increased by 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/kg of capsaicin, respectively. The excitatory effect of capsaicin on colonic motility was inhibited by atropine and hexamethonium. Colonic motility at C1-C4 was significantly increased by capsaicin administration into a vagally innervated pouch but was not affected by capsaicin administration into a vagally denervated pouch. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that intragastric capsaicin predominantly stimulates motility in the proximal half of the colon through neural pathways, probably through a vagovagal reflex, but sympathetic involvement cannot be excluded.
Animals↗
[Gastric emptying of semi-solid meal in normal man with special reference to relationship between plasma acetoaminophen concentrations and gastric emptying time].
Correlation between gastric emptying time measured by a radioisotope method and plasma acetoaminophen level was studied in 11 preoperative early gastric cancer in semisolid meal. A significant correlation was found between both gastric emptying half-time and plasma acetoaminophen level at 30, 45 minutes after ingestion of meal, and plasma acetoaminophen level at maximum. We conclude that acetoaminophen analysis is useful to measure gastric emptying at semisolid meal.
Acetaminophen↗
Effect of motilin on colonic motor activity in the interdigestive state in conscious dogs.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of motilin at various doses on colonic motility in the interdigestive state. Colonic motility was investigated in five dogs equipped with strain gauge force transducers on the gastric antrum, and on the proximal, middle, and distal colon. Exogenously infused motilin (0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 micrograms/kg-hr) dose-dependently increased colonic motility, but the doses of motilin that significantly enhanced colonic motility were 1.0 and 2.0 micrograms/kg-hr in all areas of the colon. Motilin at 0.2 microgram/kg-hr increased the plasma motilin concentration to almost equal to the physiological peak values. The excitatory effect of motilin (2.0 microgram/kg-hr) was abolished by atropine but was not affected by hexamethonium. These results indicate that exogenously infused motilin, which increased plasma motilin concentration to above the physiological peak level, stimulated colonic motility by affecting postsynaptic cholinergic neurons.
Animals↗
Effect of chronic pancreatic juice diversion on enteroglucagon secretion and intestinal mucosal growth in dogs.
We developed a new canine model of chronic pancreatic juice diversion from duodenum to distal ileum in order to investigate the effect of pancreatic juice on the secretion of enteroglucagon, and the growth of intestinal mucosa. In seven adult mongrel dogs, the minor pancreatic duct was ligated and excised. Then, 3 cm of duodenal segment including the pancreatic duct was transformed into a small pouch which was anastomosed to the distal ileum. Butter ingestion tests were performed before and after surgery to evaluate the effect of surgery on enteroglucagon secretion. In addition, intestinal mucosal thickness was measured, using specimens taken both at the time of surgery and during autopsy at the end of the study. We observed significant hypersecretion of enteroglucagon and mucosal growth throughout the whole small intestine. However, extent or grade of mucosal growth was not related to the mucosal contact of pancreatic juice. These results suggested that chronic pancreatic juice diversion from duodenum to the distal ileum induced mucosal growth of the whole small intestine and hypersecretion of enteroglucagon may play a important role in this growth.
Amylases↗
Gastrointestinal motor activity after pylorus-preserving gastrectomy with or without vagotomy in dogs.
BACKGROUND: In the present study we evaluated gastrointestinal motility after gastrectomy of a new pylorus-preserving technique that is becoming a popular operation for early stage carcinoma of the stomach. STUDY DESIGN: Using strain-gauge force transducers we studied gastrointestinal motility in control dogs, dogs after pylorus-preserving gastrectomy, and dogs after conventional distal gastrectomy with Billroth I reconstruction. Dogs with gastrectomy were reoperated upon after recording motility patterns, and the effect of vagal denervation of the gastric remnant on motility was investigated. Overall motility pattern, length of the digestive phase in the jejunum, and interval of the interdigestive phase III contractions were studied and compared among the three groups. RESULTS: In dogs after gastrectomy without vagal denervation, the regular occurrence of interdigestive phase III contractions from the gastric remnant to the jejunum was identified. In dogs after gastrectomy with vagal denervation, however, no apparent interdigestive phase III contractions were observed in the gastric remnant. The duration of the digestive phase in the jejunum, which correlates with postprandial gastric emptying, was not different between the control dogs and the dogs having pylorus-preserving gastrectomy. However, this duration was significantly shorter in dogs having conventional distal gastrectomy compared with the control dogs, not only before but after vagal denervation. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the postoperative motor function after pylorus-preserving gastrectomy may be superior to that after conventional distal gastrectomy with Billroth I reconstruction.
Animals↗
Effects of substance P on gastric motility differ depending on the sites and vagal innervation in conscious dogs.
The effect of substance P on gastric motility was studied in conscious dogs by means of strain gauge force transducers chronically implanted on the gastric body, antrum, and a vagally-denervated fundic pouch. Intravenous infusion of substance P in the interdigestive state induced phasic contractions in the pouch and antrum. Atropine inhibited these contractions in the pouch and antrum. Hexamethonium enhanced substance P-induced contractions in the gastric antrum, but reduced those in the pouch. Pretreatment with phentolamine, propranolol, or naloxone did not affect substance P-induced contractions in the pouch and antrum. The intact gastric body scarcely reacted to substance P. Mean systemic blood pressure was lowered by substance P-infusion, but there was no dose-dependency in the reduction of the blood pressure, nor was it affected by the pretreatment with atropine or hexamethonium. These results suggest that 1) the vagal innervation influences the effect of substance P on motility in the gastric body, and that 2) substance P may stimulate postsynaptic excitatory cholinergic and presynaptic inhibitory neurons simultaneously in the gastric antrum.
Animals↗
[A case of inflammatory breast cancer treated with preoperative intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy].
A 35-year-old female with inflammatory breast cancer was treated with preoperative intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy. One cycle consisted of cyclophosphamide 700 mg, epirubicin 20 mg and 5-FU 1,750 mg. After 4-cycles of intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy, the size of tumor and regional lymph nodes were remarkably decreased. Histological examinations revealed that almost all the cancer cells had disappeared in the resected specimen. In the patient, preoperative intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy was very effective in local control, which enabled us to perform a histologically curative operation. In conclusion, multimodal treatment including intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy is a promising treatment for inflammatory breast cancer.
Adult↗
Complementation of an Enterococcus hirae (Streptococcus faecalis) mutant in the alpha subunit of the H(+)-ATPase by cloned genes from the same and different species.
We isolated an Enterococcus hirae (formerly Streptococcus faecalis) mutant, designated MS117, in which 'G' at position 301 of the alpha-subunit gene of the F1F0 type of H(+)-ATPase was deleted. MS117 had low H(+)-ATPase activity, was deficient in the regulatory system of cytoplasmic pH, and was unable to grow at pH 6.0. When the alpha-subunit gene of E. hirae H(+)-ATPase was ligated with the shuttle vector pHY300PLK at the downstream region of the tet gene of the vector, it was expressed without its own promoter in MS117, and the mutation of MS117 was complemented; the mutant harbouring the plasmid had the ability to maintain a neutral cytoplasm and grew at pH 6.0. We next transformed MS117 with pHY300PLK containing the alpha-subunit gene of Bacillus megaterium F1F0-ATPase constructed in the same way. The transformant grew at pH 6.0, and the ATP hydrolysis activity was recovered. These results suggested that an active hybrid H(+)-ATPase containing the B. megaterium alpha subunit was produced, and that the hybrid enzyme regulated the enterococcal cytoplasmic pH, although the function of the B. megaterium enzyme did not include pH regulation. Thus, our present results support the previous proposal that the enterococcal cytoplasmic pH is regulated by the F1F0 type of H(+)-ATPase.
Bacillus megaterium↗
Impact of stress on serum gastrin in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
We report an impressive case with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES), in which stress-induced sympathetic discharge influenced serum gastrin. Our patient was a 35-yr-old female who complained of frequent and massive vomiting (more than 4000 ml of gastric juice) which was aggravated especially by psychosocial stress. Basal hypergastrinemia (1900 pg/ml) was found after the admission. The most striking finding was that laboratory stress dramatically increased serum gastrin (from 1900 to 5400 pg/ml) and plasma noradrenaline (from 180 to 1130 pg/ml). Mental arithmetic stress further enhanced hypergastrinemia (5800 pg/ml) with a concomitant increase in plasma noradrenaline (1240 pg/ml). Neostigmine (10 micrograms/kg im) also increased serum gastrin up to 6100 pg/ml but propranolol (40 micrograms/kg i.v.) reduced these elevations (noradrenaline: 990 pg/ml, gastrin: 5000 pg/ml). In this case, the effect of stress on serum gastrin mimicked the effect of catecholamine infusion in ZES. These findings suggest that psychological stress induces serum gastrin secretion via beta-adrenoceptor with exacerbation of symptoms in some cases with ZES.
Adult↗
Gene structure of Enterococcus hirae (Streptococcus faecalis) F1F0-ATPase, which functions as a regulator of cytoplasmic pH.
Enterococcus hirae (formerly Streptococcus faecalis) ATCC 9790 has an F1F0-ATPase which functions as a regulator of the cytoplasmic pH but does not synthesize ATP. We isolated four clones which contained genes for c, b, delta, and alpha subunits of this enzyme but not for other subunit genes. It was revealed that two specific regions (upstream of the c-subunit gene and downstream of the gamma-subunit gene) were lost at a specific site in the clones we isolated, suggesting that these regions were unstable in Escherichia coli. The deleted regions were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and the nucleotide sequences of these regions were determined. The results showed that eight genes for a, c, b, delta, alpha, gamma, beta, and epsilon subunits were present in this order. Northern (RNA) blot analysis showed that these eight genes were transcribed to one mRNA. The i gene was not found in the upper region of the a-subunit gene. Instead of the i gene, this operon contained a long untranslated region (240 bp) whose G + C content was only 30%. There was no typical promoter sequence such as was proposed for E. coli, suggesting that the promoter structure of this species is different from that of E. coli. Deduced amino acid sequences suggested that E. hirae H(+)-ATPase is a typical F1F0-type ATPase but that its gene structure is not identical to that of other bacterial F1F0-ATPases.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
[A case of advanced breast cancer effectively treated with tamoxifen].
A 69-year-old female with advanced breast cancer was daily administered 20 mg of tamoxifen. After 4 months, her left breast tumor decreased in size. Left breast tumor and metastatic lymph nodes disappeared completely (CR) 7 months later. CR has been continued for 6 months up to the present, and the patient has been enjoying favorable quality of life.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Colonic motility in innervated and extrinsically denervated loops in dogs.
The control mechanism of canine colonic motor activity measured by means of chronically implanted force transducers was studied by comparing diurnal changes and migrating patterns in control dogs and dogs with innervated and extrinsically denervated colonic loops. Five force transducers (C1-C5) were placed on the colon, and the middle colon was transected to construct a loop including C2 and C3 transducers. Colonic continuity was established by an end-to-end anastomosis. In the fasted state, colonic motor complexes of 8-13 minutes' duration were observed to occur at intervals of 22-32 minutes in all three groups, but response to feeding was clearly different; significant enhancement of the colonic motor indexes lasting for 8-16 hours after feeding, which was observed at all recording sites in control dogs, was identified only in the proximal and distal colon in dogs with innervated and extrinsically denervated loops. In the innervated loop, significant enhancement of the motor indexes was observed only in the first 2 hours after feeding. In the extrinsically denervated loop, feeding did not induce any response. In both groups with loops, greater than 40% of the motor complexes that occurred in the proximal colon migrated to the distal colon directly across the anastomosis and less than 20% propagated to the loop. In addition, the migration time between the proximal and the distal colon was greatly reduced in both groups with loops compared with that in the control group. Another change observed within the loop was an increase in numbers of retrograde migrating colonic motor complexes. It is concluded that colonic motor activity is under the predominant control of intraluminal contents in the digestive state but that extrinsic nerves may play an important role in the response observed in the innervated loop in the first 2 hours after feeding, which should be defined as the gastrocolonic response in dogs. In the interdigestive state, the intrinsic nervous system and/or humoral factors may control the occurrence of colonic motor complexes.
Animals↗