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Biomedical subjects

C Toothill

Publications and source records attributed to C Toothill.

36 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Carbamazepine serum levels in children with epilepsy: a micro immuno-assay technique.

In part 1 of this study, 26 children with seizures were given 20 mg/kg/day carbamazepine and five developed side-effects. With this initial dose, equilibrium was reached in the serum within four to six days in 25 of the 26 children. The sudden withdrawal of other anticonvulsants did not usually affect the rise of carbamazepine in serum, unless given in high doses. In Part 2 of the study it was shown that satisfactory levels were obtained in the serum of 38 children given carbamazepine either twice or three times daily, but higher levels were obtained with the latter. The lowest carbamazepine serum level associated with complete control of seizures was 6mg/1. Seizure control was comparable whether carbamazepine was given twice or three times daily. Complete control of temporal-lobe seizures was obtained in nine of 20 children, and of grand mal in 10 of 18 children. Serum levels of carbamazepine remained remarkable constant during the follow-up period of between 10 and 30 months.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Phenytoin serum levels in children with epilepsy: a micro immuno-assay technique.

The enzyme multiple immuno-assay technique (EMIT) was used to study phenytoin serum levels in 50 children with seizures. It was found that: (1) a single dose of phenytoin suspension or capsules (5mg/kg/day) produced inadequate serum levels 16 and 24 hours after ingestion, and for this reason single dosage is not recommended; (2) twice-daily dosage of phenytoin suspension or capsules (5mg/kg/day) produced adequate serum levels in most children throughout the 24 hours, and this dosage is recommended; (3) 12 children continued to have seizures but when the dose was increased to 10mg/kg/day six of the 12 obtained control of seizures; (4) phenytoin reached equilibrium in the serum in five days provided the child had not previously been taking phenobarbitone; (5) of 13 children who had been taking phenobarbitone, 10 did not achieve equilibrium of phenytoin in serum for one to four weeks; (6) phenytoin suspension given twice-daily produced satisfactory serum levels provided the bottle was shaken well before dispensing; (7) apart from minor variations, phenytoin maintained its level in serum during the 14 to 30 months follow-up period, whether 5mg or 10mg/kg/day of phenytoin was given.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Jejunal mucosal gamma glutamyl transferase activity in coeliac disease.

In view of data suggesting that deficiency of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) may be the primary abnormality in the small-intestinal mucosa of patients with coeliac disease, this enzyme was measured in mucosal biopsies from coeliac patients at different stages of treatment. Activity was only slightly reduced in only one of nine well-treated patients, suggesting that deficiency of this enzyme has no primary role in the aetiology of coeliac disease.

Celiac Disease↗
PubMed1977

The expression enzyme activity of biopsy tissue from the small intestine.

In a study to determine the most suitable method of expressing activity of jejunal mucosal enzymes, the effect of variation of thickness and protein concentration of biopsies was assessed. Despite wide variation of both these factors, we found no advantage in expressing enzyme activity by reference to either surface area or protein content. Expression of activity by reference to weight of biopsy gave the lowest variance for each of the enzymes studied and, since it is also the easiest measurement to make, it would appear to be the preferred means of expressing jejunal mucosal enzyme activity.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1977

The sulfophosphovanillin reaction for serum lipids: a reappraisal.

New evidence is presented for the mechanism of this reaction, which is used in estimating lipids. The reaction occurs in two stages: (a) Stage 1 evidently involves an oxidation step, forming a specific type of carbonium ion called an alkenyl cation of the general formula R--C+--C==C--R' (previous evidence had indicated that a carbonium ion of general formula R--C+--R' was formed by protonation only.) (b) Stage 2 of the reaction was examined by nuclear magnetic resonance studies and by partition experiments, which have indicated that a vanillin phosphate ester is not formed as previously suggested. Comparative data from other acid-aldehyde reactions indicate that in this reaction 1,1-di(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl)ethylene ion is formed, a product compatible with the formation of an alkenyl cation at stage 1.

Benzaldehydes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Greater contribution to blood lead from water than from air.

Concern about the levels of lead in blood is widespread. There is uncertainty, however, about the relative importance of the various environmental sources. Lead in petrol is widely assumed to be one of the most important sources and air and dust have been identified as the main routes to man. Water is regarded as an important source in areas with a plumbosolvent water supply, but of little or no importance in other areas. In order to evaluate the contribution to blood lead by various environmental sources, we have conducted surveys of random samples of women in areas of Wales chosen to represent very different levels of exposure to traffic. We report here that lead in air makes a small, but significant, contribution to blood lead but there is no evidence of any contribution from dust. Although in none of the areas were high levels of lead detected in water, water emerges as an important contributor to blood lead.

Air Pollutants↗