Biomedical subjects
C V Peterson
Publications and source records attributed to C V Peterson.
Halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane stimulate calcium leakage from rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) controls uptake and release of Ca2+ in muscle. Little information is available regarding the effect of volatile anesthetics on Ca2+ release from SR isolated from normal skeletal muscle, even though an abnormality of Ca2+ handling is implicated in malignant hyperthermia. In this study we used a Ca2+ electrode to monitor continuously the release of Ca2+ from SR and the effect of volatile anesthetics on this process. We found that halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane at 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 vol%, respectively, each increased the velocity of Ca2+ leakage by at least 150% when compared to control. Ruthenium red, a blocker of the SR Ca(2+)-release channel, was shown to have no effect on the velocity of Ca2+ leakage. Halothane and isoflurane both shortened the time at which Ca2+ leakage began (T) in a dose-dependent fashion. Halothane at 4.8 vol% decreased T from 293 +/- 21 s to 149 +/- 20 s. Isoflurane (4.8 vol%) decreased T to 203 +/- 16 s, and enflurane at 5 vol% had little effect, decreasing T to 259 +/- 19 s. We noted a marked stimulation in the ATPase activity of the SR by all three volatile anesthetics. Halothane at 0.63 vol%, isoflurane at 0.42 vol%, and enflurane at 0.62 vol% each increased ATPase activity by at least 300%. We conclude that the stimulation of the velocity of Ca2+ leakage by the volatile anesthetics is related to the more rapid depletion of ATP, but that the shortening of the onset of Ca2+ leakage is a independent phenomenon with a markedly different dose dependence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Transesophageal echocardiography in renal cell carcinoma: an accurate diagnostic technique for intracaval neoplastic extension.
Between 4 and 10% of patients with renal cell carcinoma have tumor involving the inferior vena cava and many of these patients have suprahepatic extension. In patients with intracaval neoplastic extension precise definition of the superior aspect of the tumor thrombus is critical. Transabdominal ultrasonography, computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and inferior venacavography are all currently used to evaluate the inferior vena cava in these patients. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was used to image the inferior vena cava in 5 patients with renal cell carcinoma and intracaval neoplastic extension. In each patient transesophageal echocardiography correctly revealed the superior extent of tumor thrombus. In 3 patients tumor thrombus was found at a higher level by transesophageal echocardiography than by CT, MRI and inferior venacavography. In all patients tumor imaging by transesophageal echocardiography correlated well with the gross appearance and extent of tumor found at operation. Echocardiography also documented the absence of residual gross tumor after resection. Transesophageal echocardiography was also useful to assess left ventricular function. Although each of these patients had a pulmonary artery catheter as well transesophageal echocardiography can be useful in situations when right atrial tumor thrombus prevents right heart catheterization. This small series demonstrates that intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography can accurately evaluate the extent of tumor thrombus and provides a means to assess myocardial function complementary to the pulmonary artery catheter.
Phenotypic expression of collagen types in mesangial matrix of diabetic and nondiabetic rats.
This study was performed to evaluate the composition of the extracellular matrix of the mesangium in both diabetic and nondiabetic rats. Four groups of rats (n = 10 each) were studied. Nondiabetic rats were injected with saline (group 1) or insulin (3.5 U NPH daily) (group 2). Streptozocin-induced diabetic rats were similarly injected with saline (group 3) or insulin (group 4). Six weeks after initiation of study, glomerular diameter (micron) was increased in groups 2 (147 +/- 21), 3 (144 +/- 22), and 4 (150 +/- 7) compared with group 1 (104 +/- 12) (P less than .01). Glomerular hypertrophy was associated with an increase in the relative amount of mesangial matrix as determined by staining for fibronectin. By immunofluorescence microscopy (0-4+ scale), type I collagen antigen was not detected in the mesangium of any of the experimental groups. Staining for type V collagen and thrombospondin was similar between the experimental groups. Type III collagen antigen was not detected in the mesangium of control (group 1) or insulin-deficient diabetic rats (group 3); however, it was detected (2-3+) in the mesangium of both insulin-treated diabetic and nondiabetic rats (Mann-Whitney, P less than .01). Comparable intensity of staining (1+) for type IV collagen antigen was detected in the mesangium of animals from groups 1, 2, and 4; however, the staining intensity was markedly increased (3+) in insulin-deficient diabetic rats (group 3; Mann-Whitney, P less than .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reversible and irreversible components of central-airway flow resistance.
The flow energy loss (head loss) through a cast of canine central airways is found to be nearly independent of flow direction. By contrast, head loss in geometrically-simpler branching sections at comparable flow conditions is highly irreversible, with inspiratory loss being greater by nearly two units of dynamic pressure (2 X 1/2 rho V2). In these branching sections head loss appears to be independent of important geometric parameters such as the branch length/diameter ratio and the exit/inlet flow-area ratio. An analysis of these observations suggests that kinetic energy factors, not shear stresses, account for most of the energy dissipated in central airways and in simple bifurcating sections. Inspiratory loss in bifurcations is greatly increased by the onset of flow separation: irreversibility is minimal in central airways, where separation either is absent or else is much less pronounced.
Continuous positive airway pressure and expiratory positive airway pressure increase functional residual capacity equivalently.
The effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) on functional residual capacity (FRC) of ten healthy, spontaneously breathing, lightly anesthetized intubated mongrel dogs was studied. The CPAP and EPAP at 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm H2O were alternately applied to all animals. Total (lung and chest wall) compliance, esophageal pressure, airway pressure, transpulmonary pressure, control FRC, and the change in FRC (delta FRC) were measured before and after each application of CPAP and EPAP. Neither expiratory transpulmonary pressure nor delta FRC with CPAP differed significantly from that with EPAP at all levels (p greater than 0.05). These data suggest that CPAP and EPAP, when applied at the same expiratory pressure, result in an equivalent increase in FRC due to passive mechanical distention of the lungs.
Effective resistance of the respiratory system studied by a quick release technique.
A human subject with mouthpiece in place makes inspiratory or expiratory effort against a closed shutter which abruptly opens when a predetermined pressure (PO) is developed. Pressure at the mouth (Pao) and flow (V) are continuously recorded. When the shutter opens, Pao changes toward atmospheric - first abruptly and then gradually, while V rapidly rises to a peak value (Vpeak) and then gradually declines. In any series of trials PO is held constant, but resistance external to the subject (Rext) is changed with each trial. In different series PO is varied. In any series of trials at constant PO the relationship between Pao and V was linear. The slope (K) of the straight line fitted to the experimental points was interpreted as being equal in magnitude to the 'effective resistance' (Reff) of the respiratory system. Reff has two components - a true resistance (Rint) and a virtual one (Rfv) related to the force-velocity characteristic of the respiratory muscles. On the assumption that Rint is independent of PO but that Rfv varies linearly with it, Rint and Rfv can be evaluated.
The effect of bromoacetylalprenololmentane on rat atrial tension development and beta-adrenoreceptors.
In isolated rat atria, 1 microM bromoacetylalprenololmentane shifted the tension development curve for isoproterenol to the right of the control curve. After a 2 h washout period, no significant recovery of the isoproterenol concentration-response curve had occurred. Pretreatment of rat atrial membranes with 1 microM bromoacetylalprenololmentane resulted in an 83% decrease in the concentration of beta-adrenoceptors with no change in the KD value for [125I]iodocyanopindolol binding to the receptors left. The results indicated that bromoacetylalprenololmentane was an irreversible beta-blocker.
Power versus pressure.
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A Hall effect transducer for measuring length changes in mammalian diaphragm.
When a conductor through which a current is flowing is brought into a magnetic field, the isopotential lines are distorted (E. H. Hall, 1879). When a constant current is made to flow through a Hall generator, the measured voltage perpendicular to the current flow can be made to vary by altering the distance between a permanent magnet and a Hall generator. A length transducer useful for measuring length changes in the diaphragm of a dog is made by connecting a commercially available Hall generator to a Plexiglas plate (5 X 10 X 3 mm, 0.5 g), and suturing the plate to the surface of the muscle. A permanent magnet (20 X 10 X 4 mm, 1.5 g) is attached to the diaphragm at a distance of 2 or 3 cm along the expected direction of length change. Fine wires from the terminals of the Hall generator are connected to an external constant-current source and to solid-state circuitry which provides amplification, linearization, and temperature compensation of the output signal. Model experiments indicate that the length measurements may be accurate within 5% if the distance between the magnet and Hall generator is greater than 5 mm. With this type of transducer measurements of segmental length changes in the diaphragm of an anesthetized dog have been successfully recorded.
Cardiac electrophysiologic effect of indomethacin.
The anti-inflammatory agent indomethacin has been shown to antagonize calcium in smooth muscle. This study looked at indomethacin's effect on ventricular muscle and conduction tissue. Indomethacin shortened the duration of the action potential plateau in the tissue studied. This was probably a result of its interference with transmembrane calcium movement.
O2 uptake and work by in situ muscle performing contractions with constant shortening.
The oxygen uptake by the gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle group of the dog was measured during brief submaximal isotonic-tetanic contractions. Shortening in the contractions was kept constant while the load was altered by adjusting the stimulation voltage applied to the motor nerve. Incompletely fused tetanic contractions were produced by 200 msec trains of impulses at a frequency of 20/sec. The trains were delivered once a second. The rate of oxygen uptake (VO2) was linearly related to the external work rate (W). The relationship between VO2, microliter/g min, vs W, gM/g min, is described by the equation VO2 = 18.0 + 3.36 W. The average maximal gross efficiency was 12.5%. The major determinant of VO2 during contractions appeared to be the number of muscle fibers which were activated during the contractions.