Engineering strontium binding affinity in an EF-hand motif: a quantum chemical and molecular dynamics study.
Proteins with the ability to specifically bind strontium would potentially be of great use in the field of nuclear waste management. Unfortunately, no such peptides or proteins are known -- indeed, it is uncertain whether they exist under natural conditions due to low environmental concentrations of strontium. To investigate the possibility of devising such molecules, one of us (CV), in a previous experimental study, proposed starting from an EF-hand motif of the protein calmodulin and mutating some residues to change the motif's specificity for calcium into one for strontium. In this paper, which represents a theoretical complement to the experimental work, we analyzed small-molecule crystallographic structures and performed quantum chemical calculations to identify possible mutations. We then constructed seven mutant sequences of the EF-hand motif and analyzed their dynamical and binding behaviors using molecular dynamics simulations and free-energy calculations (using the MM/PBSA method). As a result of these analyzes we were able to isolate some characteristics that could lead to mutant peptides with enhanced strontium affinity.