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Biomedical subjects

C W Ogden

Publications and source records attributed to C W Ogden.

8 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Expression of the developmental and oncogenic PAX2 gene in human prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: In the human prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, DU145 and PC3, 27 primary prostate cancers, 10 benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens and 5 normal prostates we investigated the expression pattern of PAX2, a member of the PAX family of developmental control genes. PAX2 is expressed at high levels in developing undifferentiated cells of the urogenital system and is repressed upon terminal differentiation with no expression in normal adult cells. It is also been shown to be a proto-oncogene in mice and is expressed in human renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PAX2 expression was assessed at the RNA level by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis using specific sets of nucleotides. The expression pattern of PAX2 was reconfirmed at the protein level by immunofluorescence in the cell lines, and by Western blot analysis in primary human prostate cancers and benign prostatic tissue. RESULTS: Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction combined with Southern hybridization PAX2 expression was detected in 52% of primary cancers and all 3 cell lines. PAX2 expression in these samples was confirmed at a protein level using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. PAX2 messenger RNA was not detected in any benign or normal prostatic samples. Immunoblotting of protein from benign prostatic hyperplasia samples confirmed the lack of expression of PAX2 protein. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of PAX2 in prostate cancer compared to nonmalignant prostates is statistically significant (Fisher's exact test p = 0.0004). These results suggest a possible role for PAX2 in prostate cancer. Although previous studies have suggested a role for PAX2 for supporting proliferation in undifferentiated cells, no correlation of PAX2 expression with Gleason score was found in prostate cancer.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed2001

Exclusive amplification of cDNA template (EXACT) RT-PCR to avoid amplifying contaminating genomic pseudogenes.

Genomic DNA contamination within RNA samples has important implications for RT-PCR, particularly if there is a pseudogene related to the gene under investigation, because amplification from pseudogenes and reverse-transcribed cDNA can be very difficult to distinguish. Methods to remove DNA contamination cannot guarantee the absolute absence of DNA from the sample without a loss of RNA quantity or quality, which can be crucial for small amounts of RNA or for the investigation of transcripts with a low level of expression. Here, we describe a general technique for RT-PCR that applies a sequence to the 5' tail of reverse-transcribed cDNA that is not present in genomic DNA and uses this for annealing the reverse PCR primer to exclude genomic DNA amplification in unmodified RNA samples.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Morbidity and the impact on daily activities associated with catheter drainage after acute urinary retention.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect on quality of life of being discharged home with a catheter before definitive treatment in patients with acute urinary retention (AUR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients attending the emergency department with AUR were assessed and discharged home with a catheter if they fulfilled predetermined criteria. They were admitted to the day-care unit for urological assessment and completed a disease-specific quality-of-life questionnaire. RESULTS: Of 101 patients presenting to the emergency department in AUR, 84 were sent home after catheterization (83%); 78 (93%) patients completed the questionnaire. The major side-effects reported were urinary leak (46%), mild haematuria (44%), urgency (42%), pain around the penis (42%), painful erection (31%) and catheter blockage (26%). Only 12% of patients felt having a catheter was very inconvenient and 93% would find it acceptable to have a catheter in future. CONCLUSION: A significant minority of patients discharged home with a catheter had side-effects related to their catheter but were not greatly inconvenienced, and their capacity to carry out normal daily activities was not impaired. The immediate discharge of patients in AUR and planned treatment will enable better use of inpatient urology resources.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

The expression of PAX5 in human transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: relationship with de-differentiation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of PAX genes, a family of developmental control genes (which encode nine nuclear transcription factors essential for embryogenesis and are proto-oncogenes in mice) in human transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PAX gene expression was assessed in three established bladder cancer cell lines and 29 primary tumours using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Southern analysis. RESULTS: All three established TCC cell lines and 79% of primary TCCs expressed PAX5 mRNA. There was a significantly higher proportion of PAX5 expression in malignant than in benign urothelium (P=0.02, Fisher's exact test); nine of 12 pTa tumours (mucosa-confined), seven of eight pT1 (invading lamina propria) and eight of nine pT2 (invading muscle) expressed PAX5. A higher proportion of tumours with increasing de-differentiation expressed PAX5, which correlates well with the expression pattern of PAX5 in development. In well-differentiated tumours (grade 1), half expressed PAX5, compared with 84% of moderately to poorly differentiated tumours (grades 2/3). The odds ratio for PAX5 expression in malignancy suggests that it increases the risk of malignancy four-fold. CONCLUSION: These data support a role for the PAX family in oncogenesis, by identifying another human neoplasm in which they are inappropriately expressed. PAX5 expression in undifferentiated TCC cells may contribute to pathogenesis by supporting cellular proliferation in the de-differentiated state. Furthermore, the high incidence of PAX5 expression suggests its potential use as a diagnostic tool and therapeutic target in TCC.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗
PubMed1993

Sham versus transurethral microwave thermotherapy in patients with symptoms of benign prostatic bladder outflow obstruction.

Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) is a single-session, minimally invasive outpatient treatment for patients with symptoms of benign prostatic bladder outflow obstruction. We designed a prospective randomised trial to identify any placebo response. Patients with a Madsen symptom score over 8 for at least 6 months were eligible for study. Two measurements of urinary flow less than 15 mL/s and a residual urine of under 350 mL were also required for entry. Patients with renal dysfunction, upper urinary tract disease, co-existing bladder disease, and malignant prostatic change were excluded. 43 patients were studied: 21 were randomised to receive a sham treatment and 22 to thermotherapy. Sham treatments were done with the urethral applicator in situ. 40 patients were available for evaluation at 3 months. 2 patients had delayed follow-up and 1 patient randomised to TUMT has undergone transurethral resection. The thermotherapy group showed a 70% decrease (from 14.5 to 4.3) in the mean Madsen score, a 53% increase in flow-rate (8.5 to 13.0 mL/s), and 92% decrease in residual urine volume (147 to 12 mL). No significant change was seen in these mean indices in the sham group. There was no difference in the main complication of transient haematuria between the two groups. However, there was a 22% frequency of acute retention in the TUMT group. The results show little significant placebo component to the subjective and objective improvement that occurs in patients who have received TUMT.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Intratracheal thyroid tissue presenting with stridor. A case report.

Intratracheal thyroid is a rare cause of upper airway obstruction. The obstruction may be true ectopic thyroid tissue or may be caused by invasion of the trachea by a malignant process. We present a case of true ectopic thyroid which illustrates the presentation and management of the condition. The pathogenesis of intratracheal thyroid has been postulated by several authors; here we discuss these rival theories. Because intratracheal thyroid is a rare condition, it may not always be considered early on in case of upper airway obstruction--by presenting this case we hope to remind others of it.

Adult↗