Tobacco use among school personnel in Bihar, India.
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Adolescent↗
Biomedical subjects
C W Warren
Publications and source records attributed to C W Warren.
Use of birth control pills, condoms, and withdrawal among U.S. high school students.
PURPOSE: To examine the use of contraception at last sexual intercourse among currently sexually active adolescents. METHODS: We analyzed data from national school-based Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) conducted in 1991, 1993, 1995, and 1997. The YRBS is a self-administered, anonymous survey which uses a national probability sample of U.S. students in public and private schools from grades 9 through 12. RESULTS: From 1991 to 1997, condom use significantly increased (from 46% to 57%), birth control pill use decreased (from 21% to 17%), and use of withdrawal significantly decreased (from 18% to 13%). In 1997, although more students were using condoms, 13% reported using withdrawal and 15% reported using no method to prevent pregnancy at last sexual intercourse. In 1997, condom use among females was significantly lower in the 9th grade than in the 12th grade (p <.001), whereas birth control pill use was higher (p <.001) and use of withdrawal remained stable. Among males, condom use and withdrawal use remained stable from 9th to 12th grade, whereas birth control pill use by their partner increased (p <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate contraceptive use among sexually active adolescents continues to be a major public health problem in the United States. For young people who will not remain sexually abstinent, families, health care providers, schools, and other influential societal institutions should promote the correct and continued use of condoms as essential protection against sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Adolescent↗
Tobacco use by youth: a surveillance report from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey project.
The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) project was developed by the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to track tobacco use among youth in countries across the world, using a common methodology and core questionnaire. The GYTS is school based and employs a two-stage sample design to produce representative data on smoking among students aged 13-15 years. The first stage consists of a probabilistic selection of schools, and the second consists of a random selection of classes from the participating schools. All students in the selected classes are eligible for the survey. In 1999, the GYTS was conducted in 13 countries and is currently in progress in over 30 countries. This report describes data from 12 countries: Barbados, China, Costa Rica, Fiji, Jordan, Poland, the Russian Federation (Moscow), South Africa, Sri Lanka, Ukraine (Kiev), Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. The findings show that tobacco use in the surveyed age group ranged from a high of 33% to a low of 10%. While the majority of current smokers wanted to stop smoking, very few were able to attend a cessation programme. In most countries the majority of young people reported seeing advertisements for cigarettes in media outlets, but anti-tobacco advertising was rare. The majority of young people reported being taught in school about the dangers of smoking. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure was very high in all countries. These results show that the GYTS surveillance system is enhancing the capacity of countries to design, implement, and evaluate tobacco prevention and control programmes.
Adolescent↗
Initiation of cigarette smoking and subsequent smoking behavior among U.S. high school students.
BACKGROUND: Most adult smokers report trying their first cigarette before age 18 years. Understanding the impact of smoking initiation at young ages may help public health policy makers and practitioners improve strategies to prevent or delay adolescent cigarette smoking. METHODS: This paper examined age of initiation of cigarette smoking and subsequent patterns of smoking among U.S. high school students 16 years of age and older (N = 13,858). We used data from the 1991-1997 national Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: The majority of students 16 years of age and older (60.4%) reported ever having smoked a whole cigarette, and 11.1% initiated smoking at age 10 years or younger. Age of smoking initiation was significantly related to current frequent smoking, daily smoking, and whether students had ever smoked daily. A younger age of smoking initiation was associated with smoking more cigarettes per day than was initiating at an older age. CONCLUSIONS: Delaying the onset of smoking may affect the likelihood of becoming addicted to nicotine and smoking heavily. For students who are already addicted to nicotine, smoking cessation programs are needed.
Adolescent↗
Forced sexual intercourse and associated health-risk behaviors among female college students in the United States.
This study analyzed data from the 1995 National College Health Risk Behavior Survey (NCHRBS) to assess the prevalence of lifetime rape among female college students and to examine the association between rape and health-risk behaviors. The NCHRBS used a mail questionnaire to assess health-risk behaviors among a nationally representative sample of undergraduate students. Twenty percent of female students reported ever having been forced to have sexual intercourse, most often during adolescence. When analyses controlled for demographic characteristics, female students who had ever been raped were significantly more likely than those who had not to report a wide range of health-risk behaviors. These results highlight a need to improve rape prevention and treatment programs for female adolescents.
Adolescent↗
Smoking initiation and smoking patterns among US college students.
The ages at which 18- to 24-year-old college students started smoking and its relationship to subsequent smoking were explored, using data from the 1995 National College Health Risk Behavior Survey. Most students (70%) had tried smoking; among those who had tried, 42% were current smokers, 19% were current frequent smokers, and 13% were current daily smokers. The majority (81%) who had ever smoked daily began doing so at age 18 years or younger, and 19% began smoking daily at age 19 years or older. Women were as likely as men to report ever having smoked a whole cigarette or ever having smoked daily. Most students (82%) who had ever smoked daily had tried to quit, but 3 in 4 were still smokers. Policies and programs designed to prevent the initiation of smoking and to help smokers quit are needed at both the high school and the college levels to reduce the proportion of young adults who smoke cigarettes.
Adolescent↗
Other substance use among high school students who use tobacco.
PURPOSE: To examine relationships between tobacco use and use of other substances among U.S. high school students, by gender and racial/ethnic subgroups. METHODS: Data about tobacco and other substance use were analyzed from the 1995 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey implemented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: Compared to nonsmokers, current smokers were significantly more likely to report use of all other substances we examined, including lifetime use of cocaine, inhalants, other illegal substances, and multiple substances and current alcohol use, episodic heavy drinking, marijuana use, and cocaine use. A strong dose-dependent relationship between current cigarette smoking and other substance use was identified. Among smokeless tobacco users, a strong dose-dependent relationship was found for all examined substances with the exception of lifetime and current cocaine use. Finally, a pattern of risk emerged suggesting that the likelihood of other substance use increases as students move from no tobacco use to smokeless tobacco use only, to cigarette smoking only, and to use of both smokeless tobacco and cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: Programs designed to prevent tobacco or other substance use should consider that such use often occurs concomitantly.
Adolescent↗
Trends in tobacco use among high school students in the United States, 1991-1995.
This study examined demographic characteristics of tobacco-using high school students in the United States from 1991 through 1995. Data about cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use among adolescent were collected in 1991, 1993, and 1995 using the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, part of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System implemented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data indicated current smoking increased 26.5% from 1991 to 1995 with one-third [31.2% (+/- 1.7)] of ninth grade students and 38.2% (+/- 3.5) of 12th grade students reporting current smoking in 1995. Smokeless tobacco use remained stable with 11.4% (+/- 1.7) of all students and one-fourth [25.1% (+/- 3.0)] of White male students reporting smokeless tobacco use in 1995. Many students already have begun using tobacco before reaching high school. Thus, interventions should begin well before high school to prevent adolescents from using and becoming addicted to tobacco.
Adolescent↗
Age of initiating selected health-risk behaviors among high school students in the United States.
PURPOSE: To estimate and compare the age of initiation of alcohol use, cigarette smoking, sexual intercourse, and marijuana use among female and male students in U.S. high schools. METHODS: Using data from the 1991 and 1993 national school-based Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, life-table analysis was used to create hypothetical cohorts to estimate age of initiation of selected health-risk behaviors. The sample size was 12,272 in 1991 and 16,296 in 1993, with an overall response rate of 68% in 1991 and 70% in 1993. RESULTS: Male students initiate each of these behaviors earlier than female students, but the pace of initiation for females accelerates so that by age 15 years the cumulative proportion of male and female students who have initiated these behaviors is similar. For both female and male students, the youngest cohort appears to initiate use of alcohol and sexual intercourse at earlier ages than older cohorts. Similarly, the younger cohorts of female students appear to initiate smoking cigarettes and using marijuana at earlier ages than older cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Many high school students are initiating alcohol use, cigarette smoking, sexual intercourse, and marijuana use at early ages. These data suggest a need for intensive intervention programs by middle/junior high school to motivate and prepare students to avoid these behaviors. Clinicians should begin screening and counseling for risk behaviors in early adolescence.
Adolescent↗
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance--United States, 1995.
PROBLEM/CONDITION: Priority health-risk behaviors that contribute to the leading causes of mortality, morbidity, and social problems among youth and adults often are established during youth, extend into adulthood, and are interrelated. REPORTING PERIOD: February through May 1995. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM: The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults: behaviors that contribute to unintentional and intentional injuries, tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, sexual behaviors, unhealthy dietary behaviors, and physical inactivity. The YRBSS includes both a national school-based survey conducted by CDC and state and local school-based surveys conducted by state and local education agencies. This report summarizes results from the national survey, 35 state surveys, and 16 local surveys conducted among high school students from February through May 1995. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: In the United States, 72% of all deaths among school-age youth and young adults result from four causes: motor vehicle crashes, other unintentional injuries, homicide, and suicide. Results from the 1995 YRBSS suggest that many high school students practice behaviors that may increase their likelihood of death from these four causes: 21.7% had rarely or never used a safety belt, 38.8% had ridden with a driver who had been drinking alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey, 20.0% had carried a weapon during the 30 days preceding the survey, 51.6% had drunk alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey, 25.3% had used marijuana during the 30 days preceding the survey, and 8.7% had attempted suicide during the 12 months preceding the survey. Substantial morbidity and social problems among school-age youth and young adults also result from unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus infection. YRBSS results indicate that in 1995, 53.1% of high school students had had sexual intercourse, 45.6% of sexually active students had not used a condom at last sexual intercourse, and 2.0% had ever injected an illegal drug. Among adults, 65% of all deaths result from three causes: heart disease, cancer and stroke. Most of the risk behaviors associated with these causes of death are initiated during adolescence. In 1995, 34.8% of high school students had smoked cigarettes during the 30 days preceding the survey, 39.5% had eaten more than two servings of foods typically high in fat content during the day preceding the survey, and only 25.4% had attended physical education class daily. ACTIONS TAKEN: YRBSS data are being used nationwide by health and education officials to improve national, state, and local policies and programs designed to reduce risks associated with the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. YRBSS data also are being used to measure progress toward achieving 21 national health objectives and one of eight National Education Goals.
Accidents↗
Youth risk behavior surveillance--United States, 1995.
Priority health-risk behaviors that contribute to the leading causes of mortality, morbidity, and social problems among youth and adults often are established during youth, extend into adulthood, and are interrelated. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults: behaviors that contribute to unintentional and intentional injuries, tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, sexual behaviors, unhealthy dietary behaviors, and physical inactivity. The YRBSS includes both a national school-based survey conducted by CDC and state and local school-based surveys conducted by state and local education agencies. This report summarizes results from the national survey, 35 state surveys, and 16 local surveys conducted among high school students from February through May 1995. In the United States, 72% of all deaths among school-age youth and young adults result from four causes: motor vehicle crashes, other unintentional injuries, homicide, and suicide. Results from the 1995 YRBSS suggest that many high school students practice behaviors that may increase their likelihood of death from these four causes: 21.7% had rarely or never used a safety belt, 38.8% had ridden with a driver who had been drinking alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey, 20.0% had carried a weapon during the 30 days preceding the survey, 51.6% had drunk alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey, 25.3% had used marijuana during the 30 days preceding the survey, and 8.7% had attempted suicide during the 12 months preceding the survey. Substantial morbidity and social problems among school-age youth and young adults also result from unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV infection. YRBSS results indicate that in 1995, 53.1% of high school students had experienced sexual intercourse, 45.6% of sexually active students had not used a condom at last sexual intercourse, and 2.0% had ever injected an illegal drug. Among adults, 65% of all deaths result from three causes: heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Most of the risk behaviors associated with these causes of death are initiated during adolescence. In 1995, 34.8% of high school students had smoked cigarettes during the 30 days preceding the survey, 39.5% had eaten more than two servings of foods typically high in fat content during the day preceding the survey, and only 25.4% had attended physical education class daily. YRBSS data are being used nationwide by health and education officials to improve national, state, and local policies and programs designed to reduce risks associated with the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. YRBSS data also are being used to measure progress toward achieving 21 national health objectives and one of eight National Education Goals.
Adolescent↗
Gallstones split at laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a new cause of intraperitoneal granulomas.
A case of a 32 year old woman with a foreign body-type granulomatous reaction to gallstones split at previous laparoscopic cholecystectomy is reported. The patient presented with hard nodules within the omentum at a subsequent Caesarean section, raising the possibility of metastatic tumour. Histological examination showed gallstones with an associated foreign body-type granulomatous reaction. With increasingly widespread use of laparoscopic surgery and relatively common spillage of gallstones at surgery, it is likely that histopathologists will encounter this condition more frequently in the future, both in surgical biopsy specimens and at necropsy.
Adult↗
Acute renal failure secondary to hypercalcaemia reversible after resection of a benign ovarian teratoma.
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Acute Kidney Injury↗
Youth risk behavior surveillance--United States, 1993.
PROBLEM/CONDITION: Priority health risk behaviors that contribute to the leading causes of mortality, morbidity, and social problems among youth and adults often are established during youth, extend into adulthood, and are interrelated. REPORTING PERIOD: February through May 1993. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six categories of priority health risk behaviors among youth and young adults: behaviors that contribute to unintentional and intentional injuries, tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, sexual behaviors, dietary behaviors, and physical activity. The YRBSS includes a national, school-based survey conducted by CDC and state and local school-based surveys conducted by state and local education agencies. This report summarizes results from the national survey, 24 state surveys, and nine local surveys conducted among high school students during February through May 1993. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: In the United States, 72% of all deaths among school-age youth and young adults are from four causes: motor vehicle crashes, other unintentional injuries, homicide, and suicide. Results from the 1993 YRBSS suggest that many high school students practice behaviors that may increase their likelihood of death from these four causes: 19.1% rarely or never used a safety belt, 35.3% had ridden with a driver who had been drinking alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey, 22.1% had carried a weapon during the 30 days preceding the survey, 80.9% ever drank alcohol, 32.8% ever used marijuana, and 8.6% had attempted suicide during the 12 months preceding the survey. Substantial morbidity and social problems among adolescents also result from unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. YRBSS results indicate that in 1993, 53.0% of high school students had had sexual intercourse, 52.8% of sexually active students had used a condom during last sexual intercourse, and 1.4% ever injected an illegal drug. Among adults, 67% of all deaths are from three causes: heart disease, cancer, and stroke. In 1993, many high school students practiced behaviors that may increase the risk for these health problems: 30.5% of high school students had smoked cigarettes during the 30 days preceding the survey, only 15.4% had eaten five or more servings of fruits and vegetables during the day preceding the survey, and only 34.3% had attended physical education class daily. ACTIONS TAKEN: YRBSS data are being used nationwide by health and education officials to improve school health policies and programs designed to reduce risks associated with the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. At the national level, YRBSS data are being used to measure progress toward achieving 26 national health objectives and one of eight National Education Goals.
Accidents↗
Reliability of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey Questionnaire.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) has been used on a biennial basis since 1990 to measure health risk behaviors of high school students nationwide. The YRBS measures behaviors related to intentional and unintentional injury, tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, sexual activity, diet, and physical activity. The authors present the results from a test-retest reliability study of the YRBS, conducted by administering the YRBS questionnaire to 1,679 students in grades 7 through 12 on two occasions 14 days apart. The authors computed a kappa statistic for each of 53 self-report items and compared group prevalence estimates across the two testing occasions. Kappas ranged from 14.5% to 91.1%; 71.7% of the items were rated as having "substantial" or higher reliability (kappa = 61-100%). No significant differences were found between the prevalence estimates at time 1 and time 2. Responses of seventh grade students were less consistent than those of students in higher grades, indicating that the YRBS is best suited for students in grade 8 and above. Except for a few suspect items, students appeared to report personal health risk behaviors reliably over time. Reliability and validity issues in health behavior assessment also are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Health-risk behaviors among our nation's youth: United States, 1992.
This report presents national estimates of the prevalence of selected health risk behaviors among youth ages 12-21 years, by sex, Hispanic origin, and race for youth of non-Hispanic origin. Topics include: cigarette and other tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, sexual experience, HIV/AIDS education, runaway and homeless experiences, violence, unintentional injury control, weight control, and participation in physical activities. Data are from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey's Youth Risk Behavior Survey.
Adolescent↗