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Biomedical subjects

C W Zauner

Publications and source records attributed to C W Zauner.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Intervention program components.

It is evident that those delivering health promotional services need training not only in the technical aspects of their profession, but in terms of enhancement of their organizational and management skills as well. Tasks associated with testing, data analysis, life style prescription, counselling, education, and safe and effective direction of program functions obviously require a multi-faceted staff. Screening and testing of fitness/wellness program clients is designed to identify those who can safely participate with likelihood of achieving their goals. Data from these procedures are used to formulate exercise and nutritional prescriptions and to serve as motivation. Counselling and educational efforts are aimed at servicing special needs of clients, providing motivation, increasing program visibility in the community and at enhancing program adherence. In view of the fact that fitness/wellness programs affect the health of participants and that certain aspects of these programs are hazardous, well worked-out schemes for providing emergency assistance and for otherwise protecting participants from harm must be in line and well-practiced. This need is enhanced by the fact that fitness/wellness programs and those who are associated with them are legally liable for physiological and mechanical accidents that can be traced to negligence.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1990

Morphologic differences in skeletal muscle with age in normally active human males and their well-trained counterparts.

In this study we elucidate the interaction of physical activity with aging as regards skeletal muscle fiber distribution and size. Thirty-three male athletes and 42 normally active counterparts served as subjects. They were assigned to younger (less than 25.5 years) and older (greater than 25.5 years) subgroups. Serial cross-sections from muscle biopsy samples (musculus vastus lateralis) were stained to distinguish fiber type: fast glycolytic (type IIb), fast oxidative-glycolytic (type IIa), or slow oxidative (type I). We also measured fiber diameters. A greater mean diameter of type I fibers was seen in older as opposed to younger athletes. Older controls had a smaller mean diameter of type IIb fibers than did younger controls. Athletes had a smaller mean percentage of type IIa fibers and a greater mean percentage of type I fibers than did controls. There was a greater mean percentage of type I fibers in older as opposed to younger controls, but this was not the case in athletes. Athletes may have larger fibers and a greater percentage of type I fibers at the expense of type IIa fibers. Atrophy of fibers with aging might be retarded by training, which might also reduce the age-associated rate of type IIb percentage loss and type I percentage gain.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Physiological considerations in training young athletes.

Healthy children evidence smaller values of cardiorespiratory function than adults, but these are in proportion to the smaller body size. At birth, the distribution of muscle fibres and the activity of enzymes in muscle are different from in adults, but these differences disappear at about age 6. On the other hand, muscle fibre thickness increases from birth to about 18 years of age and this is concurrent with increases in muscular strength. The increase in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) that accompanies growth and maturation in the human has been attributed in the main to appreciating muscle mass. During exercise, heart rate and cardiac output increase in the child as in the adult, but the heart rate in the child is greater and the stroke volume smaller. Furthermore, the arteriovenous difference in oxygen is greater in the exercising child than in the adult. Children also evidence a diminished blood pressure response to exercise. It seems that control of ventilation at exercise is the same in children as in adults, but exercise ventilation has been reported to be less efficient in the child. The young are less capable of regulating core temperature at exercise than adults and are more readily dehydrated. Very limited data suggest that muscle energy substrate storage and utilisation in children are such that they are less capable of anaerobic metabolism than adults. Generally, children respond to aerobic training as do adults, but such training in the first decade of life has been reported to have negligible effects. Blood lipid levels in children seem to be favourably influenced by persistent endurance activity. Ventilatory efficiency of children at exercise is augmented by aerobic training. Maximal values of ventilation and breathing frequency are increased in children and youth by endurance training. Conflicting data exist regarding the influence of training upon the child's vital capacity. Pulmonary diffusion capacity in well trained children has been seen to be greater than in untrained youngsters and many workers have reported increased VO2max as an outcome of endurance training. Limited data indicate that the nature of training may alter muscle fibre distribution in youthful athletes, and that muscle fibre hypertrophy can be induced in the young by means of strength and power training.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Physical fitness in aging men.

Of 56 middle-aged male joggers (mean age 43.3 yr), 38 were measured for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and 18 for cardiac output at a heart rate of 170 bpm (Q170). Each Q170 was divided by subject body surface area to yield cardiac index (CI170). A treadmill protocol was used to elicit maximal exercise during measurement of VO2max. The bicycle ergometer was employed when measuring Q170. For maximal exercise, termination was upon subject-declared fatigue. In subjects measured for VO2max, heart rate at 3.5 miles/h and 5% treadmill grade (HRsubmax) as well as heart rate at maximal exercise (HRmax) were noted. Heart rates were monitored electrocardiographically. A modified Douglas bag technique was applied when sampling expired air for determination of VO2max. Carbon dioxide rebreathing was used to estimate Q170. Data were grouped according to age (43 yr and older; 42 yr and younger). There were significant (P less than 0.05) positive relationships between VO2max and HRmax and between HRsubmax and age. Significant negative relationships existed between HRmax and HRsubmax, and between CI170 and 10 km running time. There were no significant differences (P greater than 0.05) between means achieved by the age groups. The overall mean for VO2max was 43.36 ml/kg per min and for Q170 33.53 1/min. Findings suggest that men who remain physically active retain youthful characteristics of cardiorespiratory function.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Pulmonary arterial-venous differences in lipids and lipid metabolites.

This study was designed to reevaluate the effectiveness of the lungs in taking up lipids from the blood, and to establish whether or not the blood triglycerides so extracted are metabolized. 8 normal human males were studied. With the subject fasting and supine, a percutaneous catheter was placed in the pulmonary artery, another in the superior vena cava, and a third in the brachial artery. Samples of mixed venous and arterial blood were drawn by syringe from the pulmonary and brachial arteries, respectively. Infusion of a triglyceride emulsion (20% Intralipid) into the superior vena cava was begun at 4.7 ml/min. After 12 min of infusion, mixed venous and arterial samples were taken and infusion was discontinued. 15 min following termination of infusion, blood samples were again drawn. Analysis showed the lungs to be retaining about 25% of available triglyceride. Cholesterol concentration was unaffected. Arterial-venous differences in glycerol and free fatty acid were insignificant, suggesting no metabolism of triglyceride by lungs. The lungs apparently serve as a mechanical screen to triglyceride.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Increase of free and total testosterone during submaximal exercise in normal males.

The serum levels of testosterone, free testosterone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured at rest, during 45 min of exercise on a bicycle ergometer at 50% of the subjects' previously determined maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and during a 30-min recovery period. Ten healthy, untrained males were used as subjects. Mean serum testosterone levels increased significantly (P less than .05) over resting values at 15 min of exercise. Mean peak serum testosterone and free testosterone were significantly (P less than .01) increased during the exercise period as compared to resting values. No significant changes were measured for serum levels of LH, FSH, or prolactin during exercise. It appeared that bicycle exercise of moderate intensity significantly increased both free and total testosterone in untrained males.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Arterial-venous differences across the lungs in plasma triglyceride concentration.

Arterial-venous differences in plasma triglyceride across the lungs were determined in healthy human subjects before, during and following infusion of a soybean oil emulsion into the superior vena cava. Samples were acquired from the pulmonary and brachial arteries. A significantly greater mean concentration of triglyceride in venous as opposed to arterial blood was evident following 12 min of infusion (pless than 0.001), with a tendency for the retained lipid to be released during the postinfusion period. It could be calculated that during infusion the lungs retained about 20% of the available triglyceride, or 3 mmol/min.

Adult↗