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Camilla Stoltenberg

Publications and source records attributed to Camilla Stoltenberg.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Post-neonatal mortality in Norway 1969-95: a cause-specific analysis.

BACKGROUND: We recently reported increased social inequality for post-neonatal death. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between socioeconomic status and cause-specific post-neonatal death. METHODS: All 1,483,857 live births recorded in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway from 1969-95 with information on parents' education were included. During the post-neonatal period (from 28 to 364 days of life) 4,464 infants died. Differences between education groups were estimated as risk differences, relative risks, population attributable fractions, and relative index of inequality. RESULTS: The major causes of death were congenital conditions, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and infections. Post-neonatal mortality declined from 3.2/1,000 in the 1970s to 1.9/1,000 in the 1990s, mainly due to reduced mortality from congenital conditions. The absolute risk for SIDS increased by 0.51/1,000 in the same period among infants whose mothers had low education, while it decreased by 0.56/1,000 for those whose mothers had high education. The relative risk for SIDS among infants whose mothers had low education increased from 1.02 in the 1970s to 2.39 in the 1980s and 5.63 in the 1990s. Among infants whose fathers were not recorded in the Birth Registry, the absolute risk of SIDS increased by 0.79/1,000 from the 1970s to the 1990s. CONCLUSIONS: Increased social inequality for post-neonatal death was primarily due to increases in the absolute and relative risks of SIDS among infants whose mothers have low education. Social inequality widened during the study period for SIDS and deaths caused by infections.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2005

Recurrence risk in hyperemesis gravidarum.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the risk of hyperemesis gravidarum in second pregnancies in women with and without hyperemesis in their first pregnancy, and to determine if this risk changes with changes in paternity or with the interval between deliveries. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Data from the population-based Medical Birth Registry of Norway, 1967-1998. Sample All women in the registry with records of their first and second singleton delivery, a total of 547,238 women. METHODS: The relative risk of hyperemesis in the second delivery was estimated as odds ratios (ORs) in logistic regression models, controlling for potential confounding factors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measure was the risk of hyperemesis in the second pregnancy according to hyperemesis in the first pregnancy, interval between deliveries and change in paternity. RESULTS: The risk of hyperemesis was 15.2% in the second pregnancy in women with and 0.7% in women without previous hyperemesis [OR=26.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 24.2, 28.7]. The OR did not change after adjustment for maternal age, change in paternity, period of the first delivery and time interval between deliveries. After a change in paternity, the risk of recurrent hyperemesis was 10.9% compared with 16.0% in women without a change in paternity [adjusted OR (aOR)=0.60, 95% CI 0.39, 0.92]. The risk of hyperemesis in the second pregnancy increased with increasing time interval between deliveries, but only in women with no previous hyperemesis. CONCLUSIONS: The primary finding was the high risk of recurrence observed in women with hyperemesis in the first pregnancy. The risk was reduced by a change in paternity. For women with no previous hyperemesis, a long interval between births slightly increased the risk of hyperemesis in the second pregnancy. Further studies are needed to explore the relative impact of genetic and environmental factors and their possible interactions in hyperemesis gravidarum.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Parents' education and infant mortality 1967-1998].

BACKGROUND: We have examined the association between socioeconomic status and risk of infant death in Norway between 1967 and 1998. METHODS: Information from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway on all live births and infant deaths was linked to information from Statistics Norway on parents' education. There were 1,777,364 eligible live births and 15,517 infant deaths. Differences between educational-attainment groups were estimated as risk difference, relative risk, population-attributable fraction, and index of inequality ratio. RESULTS: The risk of infant death decreased in all educational-attainment groups and the level of education increased over time. For neonatal (0-27 days of life) death the risk difference between infants whose mothers had high or low education was reduced from 3.5/1000 in the 1970s to 0.9/1000 in the 1990s. The inequality ratio declined from 1.72 to 1.32 and the population-attributable fraction from 22.3 to 8.4. For risk of postneonatal (28-364 days of life) death, the difference between infants whose mothers were in high or low education brackets increased from 0.7/1000 in the 1970s to 2.0/1000 in the 1990s. The inequality ratio went up from 1.31 to 4.00 and the population-attributable fraction from 9.7 to 39.5. INTERPRETATION: Since the late 1960s, infant mortality has decreased and parental educational levels have risen. There is a higher degree of social equality with regard to risk of neonatal death, while the opposite holds for postneonatal death.

Educational Status↗
PubMed2004

Recurrence risk of preeclampsia in twin and singleton pregnancies.

The etiology of preeclampsia is unknown. The relatively high risk of recurrence of preeclampsia in subsequent pregnancies to the same mother suggests a genetic basis for the disease, but the mode of inheritance is uncertain. We compare the risk of preeclampsia in second pregnancies for mothers whose first preeclamptic pregnancy was either a singleton or a twin pregnancy. The crude and adjusted recurrence risks of preeclampsia in twin and singleton pregnancies were estimated in a population-based register including the first and second pregnancies of 550218 women registered in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, 1967-1998. The recurrence risk of preeclampsia in second pregnancy for women with a singleton pregnancy with preeclampsia the first time was 14.1% (95% CI: 13.6-14.6). For women with a first time twin pregnancy the recurrence risk was lower, 6.8% (CI: 4.3-10.1), P < 0.001. Thus, the crude excess risk for recurrent preeclampsia was 7.3% (95% CI: 4.5-10.0) in women with a first time singleton as compared to women with a first time twin pregnancy. The recurrence risk of preeclampsia is lower when the first pregnancy was a twin as compared to a singleton pregnancy. This observation is consistent with a polygenic liability model.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Socioeconomic status and risk of infant death. A population-based study of trends in Norway, 1967-1998.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the association between socioeconomic status and risk of infant death in Norway from 1967 to 1998. METHODS: Information from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway on all live births and infant deaths was linked to information from Statistics Norway on parents' education. There were 1777364 eligible live births and 15517 infant deaths. Differences between education groups were estimated as risk differences, relative risks, population attributable fractions, and index of inequality ratios. RESULTS: The risk of infant death decreased in all education groups, and the level of education increased over time. The trends differed for neonatal and postneonatal death. For neonatal death the risk difference between infants whose mothers had high and low education was reduced from 3.5/1000 in the 1970s to 0.9/1000 in the 1990s. The relative index of inequality (RII) for maternal education decreased from 1.72 to1.32. The proportion of neonatal deaths that could be attributed to <13 years of education decreased from 22.3 to 8.4. For postneonatal death the risk difference between infants whose mothers had high and low education increased from 0.7/1000 in the 1970s to 2.0/1000 in the 1990s. The RII for maternal education increased from 1.31 to 4.00. The population attributable fraction increased from 9.7 to 39.5. CONCLUSIONS: An inverse association between socioeconomic status and risk of postneonatal death persists, albeit there was a considerable reduction in risk between 1967 and 1998.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Outcome of pregnancy among immigrant women with diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: We studied outcome of pregnancy among immigrant women with diabetes. The women came from regions of the world with high incidence of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Prevalences, secular trends, and sociodemographic risk factors of diabetes were also explored. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway on all births from 1988 to 1998 for mothers born in South Asia and North Africa (11,268) and Norway (601,785) were analyzed. RESULTS: The prevalence of pregestational diabetes among the immigrants was 8.9/1,000 births, which was more than twice the rate among ethnic Norwegians (3.6/1,000). Time trends indicated increasing prevalences in both groups. Among the immigrants, diabetes was closely associated with maternal age. Maternal diabetes was associated with a significantly increased risk of pregnancy complications in both study groups. Increased risks were found for low birth weight, macrosomia, preterm birth, preeclampsia, and cesarean sections. Among ethnic Norwegians, maternal diabetes conferred a significantly increased risk of infant perinatal death (odds ratio 2.00, 95% CI 1,44-2.77). In the sample of immigrant women with predominantly type 2 diabetes, maternal diabetes was not significantly associated with perinatal death or congenital malformations in the offspring. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of diabetes among immigrants from South Asia and North Africa represents a challenge for health care providers. To prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes and later cardiovascular and renal morbidity among these groups, early diagnosis of diabetes, adequate metabolic control, and relevant preventive measures are warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Perinatal complications among ethnic Somalis in Norway.

BACKGROUND: The majority of ethnic Somali women in Norway have undergone an elaborate form of circumcision (infibulation). The aim of this study was to examine the risk of perinatal complications among ethnic Somalis and to discuss its relation to circumcision. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional population-based registry study. Data on all births to women born in Somalia (1733) and Norway (702 192) from 1986 to 1998 was provided from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. We analyzed the risk of perinatal complications among women of Somali origin vs. ethnic Norwegians using univariate and multivariate methods. RESULTS: Perinatal complications were more frequent among women of Somali origin than among ethnic Norwegians. These included induction of labor, fetal distress, secondary arrest, prolonged second stage of labor, operative delivery and perinatal death. Particularly elevated odds ratios were found for fetal distress (odds ratio=2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI); 2.2-3.0), emergency cesarean sections (odds ratio=3.0, 95% confidence interval 2.6-3.4), Apgar scores below seven (odds ratio = 3.1, 95% confidence interval 2.4-4.0) and prelabor fetal deaths (odds ratio=2.5, 95% confidence interval 1.7-3.7). CONCLUSION: Similar findings in infibulated vs. noncircumcised women have been demonstrated previously in other studies indicating that circumcision could play a role. The current study is the first to be conducted among Somali women in Europe. However, the results are not informative on whether the adverse birth outcomes are caused by infibulation as such or in combination with suboptimal perinatal care, intercurrent diseases and sociocultural factors. Somali women represent a high-risk group in obstetrics, calling for special attention and care.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The heavier the better? Birthweight and perinatal mortality in different ethnic groups.

BACKGROUND: Mother's ethnicity is associated with her baby's birthweight and risk of perinatal mortality. Given the close relation between birthweight and perinatal mortality, we explored whether ethnic differences in birthweight explain ethnic differences in perinatal mortality. METHODS: Data on all births to mothers born in Norway (808 658), Pakistan (6854), Vietnam (3283) and North Africa (1461) from 1980 to 1995 were obtained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. The associations between birthweight and perinatal mortality among ethnic groups were analysed using univariate and multivariate methods. RESULTS: Mean birthweights were low for Vietnamese and Pakistani mothers (3202 g, 3244 g) and high for Norwegian and North African mothers (3530 g, 3559 g). Mean birthweights were largely unrelated to perinatal mortality, which was lowest for Vietnamese (8.2/1000, 95% CI: 5.1-11.3) and highest for Pakistanis (14.9/1000, 95% CI: 12.0-17.7). Intermediate perinatal mortality rates were found among Norwegians (9.5/1000, 95% CI: 9.3-9.7) and North Africans (9.6/1000, 95% CI: 4.6-14.6). Further comparison of weight-specific mortality rates between the two largest ethnic groups showed the low birthweight paradox, where among low-weight births, perinatal mortality was lower among Pakistani than among Norwegian babies. However, adjustment to a relative birthweight scale (units of standard deviations from population-specific mean value) revealed higher rates of weight-specific mortality among Pakistanis across the entire range of birthweights. Multivariate adjustment for relative birthweight and other factors did not change these results. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in perinatal mortality between the ethnic groups were not explained by differences in mean birthweight. Paradoxical differences in birthweight-specific mortality rates could be resolved by adjustment to a relative scale.

Adult↗