Standards in the NHS.
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History, 20th Century↗
Biomedical subjects
Charles Shaw
Publications and source records attributed to Charles Shaw.
The external assessment of health services.
External assessment is increasingly used worldwide to regulate, improve and market health care providers, especially hospitals. The commonest models are peer review, accreditation, statutory inspection, ISO certification and evaluation (usually internal) against the 'business excellence' framework. Each of these is progressively adapting to meet the changing demands of public accountability, clinical effectiveness and improvement of quality and safety, but the most rapid development is in accreditation.
Accreditation↗
A new procedure for preparation of carboxylic acid hydrazides.
The standard method for preparing carboxylic acid hydrazides is hydrazinolysis of esters in alcoholic solutions. However, when applied to alpha,beta-unsaturated esters, the main product typically is the pyrazolidinone resulting from an undesired Michael-type cyclization. Other alternative methodologies reported for direct preparation of hydrazides from acids are inefficient. We developed an efficient and general process, involving preforming activated esters and/or amides followed by reaction with hydrazine, for the preparation of hydrazides including those of alpha,beta-unsaturated acids. This process gives the desired hydrazides in excellent yield and purity under mild conditions.
Journal Article↗