Biomedical subjects

Christian D Schunn

Publications and source records attributed to Christian D Schunn.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Private Speech and executive functioning among high-functioning children with autistic spectrum disorders.

Private speech used by high-functioning children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) (n = 33) during two executive functioning tasks was compared to that of typically developing children (n = 28), and children with ADHD (n = 21). Children with ASD were as likely as others to talk to themselves and their speech was similarly relevant and likely to appear in moments of task difficulty. Unlike others, children with ASD were more likely to get items correct when they were talking than when they were silent. Group differences in performance were observed when children were silent but not when children were talking. Findings suggest that autistic children talk to themselves in relevant ways during problem-solving and that such speech is helpful in normalizing their executive performance relative to controls.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Expertise in ill-defined problem-solving domains as effective strategy use.

Expertise consists of many different cognitive structures. Lemaire and Siegler (1995) have proposed a four-layered account of expertise from a strategies perspective: Experts have better strategies, tend to use strategies that are better overall more often, are better able to select the circumstances to which a strategy best applies, and are better able to execute a given strategy. Originally, this account came from work in simple, well-defined domains. We explored this account in the complex, ill-defined domain of platoon leadership. In Experiment 1A, we elicited free-text responses to leadership scenarios from novices, intermediates, and experts, finding expertise effects for strategy base rates and choice, but not for strategy existence or the number of strategies used. In Experiment 1B, we used a new group of experts to gather ratings of the execution accuracy of the responses in Experiment 1A and found expertise differences in the ability to execute the same strategies. We propose several elaborations to the original four-layered strategies account of expertise on the basis of these results.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Brachial arteriomegaly and true aneurysmal degeneration: case report and literature review.

While brachial artery aneurysms are rare and usually of infectious, post-traumatic or iatrogenic etiology, true aneurysms of the brachial artery are even more unusual. We report on a large brachial artery aneurysm complicated by chronic contained rupture and partial outflow obstruction. This was observed 19 years after ligation of a radiocephalic (Brescia-Cimino) arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis that had existed for 2 years. Of 581 brachial artery reconstructions performed at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation between January 1989 and December 2000, only three involved repairs of brachial artery aneurysms; only the reported case was a true aneurysm of degenerative origin for an incidence of 0.17% (1/581). The management of brachial artery aneurysms is described and the pertinent literature was reviewed.

Aneurysm, Ruptured↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of anesthetic management on resource utilization and outcome in carotid endarterectomy patients.

Several well-controlled randomized trials have demonstrated the efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for prevention of stroke in patients with symptomatic, severe (> 70%) internal carotid artery stenosis. This benefit has resulted in a significant increase in the number of carotid endarterectomies performed annually. However, the benefit of carotid endarterectomy depends on low perioperative stroke, death and complication rates. This fact has drawn the attention of third party payers and there is considerable emphasis on further decreasing complications and medical expenditures. Implementations of clinical pathways and preventive strategies to obviate complications that increase length of stay and hospital costs have been critical. Although the incidence of perioperative stroke has decreased considerably over the recent years, cardiac and other systemic complications have remained relatively stable. Even though there is no unequivocal evidence of one anesthesia technique over another, several trials have suggested suggested improved clinical outcomes and economic benefit for carotid endarterectomies performed under regional anesthesia. This article describes a study at West Virginia University to assess the role of anesthetic management upon resource utilization and outcome in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy.

Aged↗