Glaucoma screening: current trends, economic issues, technology, and challenges.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Early glaucoma detection and treatment are currently the only known methods for preventing blindness and low vision resulting from this frequently asymptomatic disease. RECENT FINDINGS: New technologies for detecting early glaucomatous damage are important in diagnosing optic nerve disease, not only in community screening settings but also in clinics. Imaging of the optic nerve head and macula and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis can provide quick, automated, and quantitative measurements in agreement with clinical estimates of optic disc structure and visual function. In the area of perimetry, frequency-doubling technology is a promising and feasible mass-screening method with reasonable sensitivity for detecting visual field loss. Central corneal thickness has emerged as a new risk factor for the development and progression of glaucoma, thereby complicating the role of tonometry and measurement of intraocular pressure as screening parameters for glaucoma. Along with technological advances, strides are also being made with public policy and legislative efforts to bring glaucoma onto the national and global health care agenda. These initiatives incorporate vision-screening goals into national disease prevention programs emphasizing the need for early glaucoma detection and treatment. SUMMARY: Glaucoma awareness needs to be increased through better education, and compliance with follow-up care needs to be improved to decrease the economic and social costs from glaucoma. In addition, screening models need to be developed that will be effective in developing countries where the risk of blindness from glaucoma is highest.