Preparing a replication study.
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Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
Biomedical subjects
Cynthia L Russell
Publications and source records attributed to Cynthia L Russell.
Culturally responsive interventions to enhance immunosuppressive medication adherence in older African American kidney transplant recipients.
CONTEXT: Immunosuppressive medication nonadherence is variable among older kidney transplant recipients and is a problem in African American recipients despite the severe consequences of this behavior. Many factors place older African American recipients at risk for medication nonadherence. OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of interventions to enhance immunosuppressive medication adherence in older African American kidney transplant recipients using a culturally responsive model. Culturally sensitive, innovative, and transformation interventions are discussed. Situations when each intervention would be most and least appropriate are described. CONCLUSION: Moving culturally appropriate interventions forward into practice and testing their effectiveness in improving adherence outcomes in vulnerable, older African American kidney transplant recipients is a worthy practice and research goal for transplant nursing.
Black or African American↗
Editorial: medication management among adults with chronic illness.
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Adult↗
An overview of the integrative research review.
The integrative literature review has many benefits to the scholarly reviewer, including evaluating the strength of the scientific evidence, identifying gaps in current research, identifying the need for future research, bridging between related areas of work, identifying central issues in an area, generating a research question, identifying a theoretical or conceptual framework, and exploring which research methods have been used successfully. The 5-stage integrative review process includes (1) problem formulation, (2) data collection or literature search, (3) evaluation of data, (4) data analysis, and (5) interpretation and presentation of results. Maintaining scientific integrity while conducting an integrative research review involves careful consideration to threats to validity. Strategies to overcome these threats are reviewed. The integrative review methodology must involve detailed and thoughtful work, the outcome of which can be a significant contribution to a particular body of knowledge and, consequently, to practice and research.
Research Design↗
Self-management of chronic illnesses among aging adults.
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Aged↗
Tick infestations of the eastern cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus) and small rodentia in northwest Alabama and implications for disease transmission.
Studies were conducted over a four-county area of northwest Alabama to determine the association of eastern cottontail rabbits with Dermacentor variabilis, the eastern United States vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A secondary objective was to compare infestations of this tick on rabbits with infestations on commonly encountered rodent species as a means of determining the relative importance of each in the disease transmission cycle. These epidemiologic surveys were conducted in response to reported fatal cases of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in two counties of the study area. From 202 eastern cottontail rabbits, 3,956 ticks were collected. Of this total, 79.87% were Haemphysalis leporispalustris, 9.15% Amblyomma americanum, 8.22% Ixodes dentatus, and 2.76% D. variabilis. Only immature stages of D. variabilis were collected from cottontail rabbits. Ticks were collected on rabbits in all months except November, and only one specimen was taken in January. Based on the average number of ticks per host collected in each month, April was the peak month for D. variabilis and I. dentatus. High values for H. leporispalustris also occurred at this time, but even higher values occurred in October and December. The heaviest infestation of A. americanum occurred during the month ofAugust and coincides with the activity period for the larvae of this species. Two hundred sixty-nine of the smaller Rodentia, comprising 13 species, yielded 264 ticks, all D. variabilis, and all but two were immature stages. Five rodent species, Microtus ochragaster Orozomys palustris, Peromyscus gossypinus, Peromyscus leucopus, and Sigmodon hispidus accounted for 95.83% of the ticks collected, and appeared to be preferred hosts for D. variabilis; all five had higher infestation levels per host than did the eastern cottontail rabbit. Data on host relationships in association with seasonal activity are presented.
Alabama↗
Health belief model and reversal theory: a comparative analysis.
BACKGROUND: In recent years, an increasing number of nurses have demonstrated interest in health behaviour change interventions and research. Despite this heightened enthusiasm, there appears to have been less interest in exploring new and emerging health behaviour change theories. AIM: The goal of this work is to assist clinicians and researchers to make more informed choices about the use of the Health Belief Model and Reversal Theory in their practice settings and research projects. METHOD: Primary sources were analysed using qualitative data analysis methods in order to compare and contrast the two models. Four comparative categories provided the structure for analysis: origins of models, ways of knowing and behaving, role of health care providers in behaviour change, and desired outcomes. RESULTS: Based, in part, on their historical origins, the Health Belief Model and Reversal Theory offer differing tenets regarding how individuals perceive, understand, and behave. According to Reversal Theory, ways of knowing and behaving are dependent upon innate physiological factors and subjectively structured perceptions. In contrast, the Health Belief Model suggests that health-related behaviours are largely attributable to cognitive decision-making processes. As such, health care providers are directed to approach health behaviour change in different ways. CONCLUSIONS: Although the Health Belief Model has been widely implemented, Reversal Theory may offer a more comprehensive framework for health behaviour change interventions and research. Clinicians and researchers are urged to learn more about this theory and how it may apply to their areas of practice and research.
Attitude to Health↗
Medication-taking beliefs of adult renal transplant recipients.
PURPOSE: To describe the medication-taking beliefs of younger and older adult renal transplant recipients. METHOD: A descriptive design was used to study 16 adult renal transplant recipients, 8 older and 8 younger, recruited from a renal transplant program in the midwest. A semistructured interview was conducted based on the theory of planned behavior. Data were examined using manifest content analyses. RESULTS: Both groups had similar behavioral, normative, control, and problem-solving medication-taking beliefs. Planning ahead, organizing, using cues, involving a support person, and remembering the donor and life on dialysis were key control beliefs. Differences were found in beliefs regarding difficulties with taking immunosuppressive medications. The majority in both groups mentioned forgetting to take their immunosuppressive medications on at least one occasion. CONCLUSIONS/APPLICATION: As empiric evidence in this area grows, the clinical nurse specialist is paramount in assisting both younger and older renal transplant recipients with immunosuppressive medication taking and, consequently, in fostering better outcomes.
Adult↗
Heart transplant patient teaching documentation.
Appropriate documentation of pre- and post-heart transplantation patient teaching has become increasingly challenging for the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) due to an increase in volume of referrals for heart transplantation evaluation, co-morbidities of those seeking transplant, complexity of the information that must be provided to candidates, demands by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations, and the compressed time for teaching, especially in the post-transplant hospitalization period. No heart transplant patient teaching documentation format was found in the literature that assisted us in overcoming these new demands. Using a center-developed Pre- and Post-Heart Transplant Patient Teaching Record, we describe a hypothetical case study to illustrate successful documentation by the CNS and the transplant team of the patient teaching plan of care.
Documentation↗
Evaluation guidelines for adult and pediatric kidney transplant programs: the Missouri experience.
CONTEXT: Rigorous candidate evaluation is paramount for estimating risk and long-term success with transplantation. In addition, because of increasing waiting times, patients are seeking listing at multiple centers or transferring waiting time from one center to another. Variations in center evaluation criteria are becoming increasingly important to patients. OBJECTIVE: To describe the similarities and differences among the evaluation guidelines for adult and pediatric kidney transplant programs in Missouri. DESIGN: A descriptive design was used. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Kidney transplant nurse coordinators from 7 adult and 4 pediatric kidney transplant programs from 10 centers in Missouri were invited to submit the kidney transplant candidate evaluation guidelines from their programs. RESULTS: Guidelines were submitted by nurse coordinators from all programs. Consults with the kidney transplant team members, including surgeon, nephrologist, social worker, and nurse coordinator, were included in all of the programs. For the adult programs, 67% (20/30) of the tests and laboratory values were agreed on by at least 70% of the program transplant team members. Similarly, for the pediatric programs, 62% (16/26) of the age-appropriate tests and laboratory values were agreed on by at least 75% of the program transplant team members. CONCLUSIONS: Within the Missouri programs, testing is consistent whether the center is large or small, adult or pediatric. Transplant teams should periodically review their kidney transplant recipient evaluation criteria for similarities to and differences from the current state-of-the-science and surrounding programs.
Adolescent↗
The effects of information and support on individuals awaiting cadaveric kidney transplantation.
CONTEXT: No empirical studies exist to direct nursing interventions for individuals during the long period of waiting for a transplant. OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of information and support on hope and uncertainty for individuals awaiting cadaveric kidney transplantation. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled study. SETTING: A university-affiliated hospital in the Midwest from 1997 to 1999. PATIENTS: Fifty participants awaiting cadaveric kidney transplantation. INTERVENTIONS: The control group received no intervention phone calls or mailings, which was the current standard of care. The treatment group received phone calls and mailings once every month for 6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hope, measured by the Herth Hope Index, and uncertainty, measured by the Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Scale for Adults, were evaluated at the beginning of the study and 6 months later. RESULTS: No statistically significant effect of the nursing intervention was found on hope and uncertainty in this sample (F = 0.5322, P = .81). Hope was found to be negatively related to uncertainty both before (r = -0.53, P = .0001) and after (r = -0.59, P = .0001) intervention. No significant change was found between hope before and after intervention, and uncertainty before and after intervention in the treatment group (F = 1.10, P = .40) or the control group. CONCLUSION: The individuals indicated that definite needs were met by the information and support intervention even though the results did not statistically support the effect of the nursing intervention.
Adult↗
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association--5th edition: a review of additions and changes in style requirements.
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this article is to highlight the substantive changes and enhancements between the 4th edition and new 5th edition of the so that modifications and enhancements are more easily incorporated into the reader's writing and editing practice. APPROACH: The 4th and new 5th editions of the were compared and substantive changes are presented. RESULTS: The following text style requirements are addressed: (a) use of parentheses to enclose statistical values, (b) use of italics, and (c) presentation of statistical data. Reference citation style changes include: (a) use of italics instead of underlining, (b) use of et al., and (c) use of the hanging indent. With the explosion of electronic media use, guidelines for documenting these sources are reviewed. Appropriate use of adverbs and research subject descriptors, submission of manuscripts on disks or files, responsibilities of corresponding authors, and converting the dissertation into a journal article are addressed. DISCUSSION: This information should assist the reader to quickly and accurately focus upon the enhancements and changes in the recently released 5th edition. Hopefully these changes will easily be incorporated into the readers' editing responsibilities, manuscripts, and subsequent publications.
Guidelines as Topic↗
Older adult medication compliance: integrated review of randomized controlled trials.
OBJECTIVE: To examine interventions and outcomes of medication compliance studies in older adults. METHODS: An integrated review of randomized controlled trials was completed. RESULTS: Thirty-one of 57 studies reported significantly greater medication compliance in treatment subjects versus control subjects. Interventions included counseling, education, self-medication programs, cues and organizers, and decreasing dosing frequency. Decreasing dosing frequency and self-medication programs were successful, although not frequently evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Future studies should address methodologic flaws (eg, small sample sizes, measurement validity issues), test theory-based interventions delivered by diverse providers, evaluate intervention dose, and examine persistence of compliance behavior changes.
Aged↗
Evaluating quantitative research reports.
As a novice reviewer, it is often difficult to trust your evaluation of a research report. You may feel uncertain in your interpretations. These are common concerns and can be remedied by reading and discussing research reports on research listservs, through journal clubs, or with other nephrology nurses. Practice using the criteria for research report evaluation and you too can perfect critiquing a research report!
Evaluation Studies as Topic↗