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Biomedical subjects

D A Adler

Publications and source records attributed to D A Adler.

53 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Cloning of a complementary DNA encoding a new mouse B lymphocyte differentiation antigen, homologous to the human B1 (CD20) antigen, and localization of the gene to chromosome 19.

The human B1 (CD20) molecule is a differentiation Ag found only on the surface of B lymphocytes. This structurally unique phosphoprotein plays a role in the regulation of human B cell proliferation and differentiation. In order to determine whether this structure is also expressed by murine B cells, cDNA clones that encode the mouse equivalent of the B1 molecule were isolated. The longest murine cDNA clone isolated, pmB1-1, contained a 1.4-kb insert with an 873 base pair open reading frame that encodes a protein of 32 kDa. The predicted mouse B1 protein contains three hydrophobic domains that may span the membrane four times and shares a 73% amino acid sequence homology with the human B1 protein. The pmB1-1 cDNA probe was used to examine mB1 mRNA expression. Northern blot analysis indicated that pmB1-1 hybridized with two mRNA species of 2.3 and 3.0 kb that were expressed only in murine spleen lymphocytes, in B lineage cell lines representing mature B cells, and were weakly expressed in one of two plasmacytoma cell lines. pmB1-1 failed to hybridize with RNA isolated from murine T cell lines, thymus, and nonlymphoid tissues. Southern blot analysis indicated that mB1 was encoded by a single copy gene. In situ hybridization localized the mB1 gene to chromosome 19 band B, a region that also contains the genes that encode the Ly-1, Ly-10, and Ly-12 Ag. These results suggest that only B cells express this heretofore undescribed murine cell-surface protein that is structurally homologous with the membrane-embedded human B1 Ag.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Translocation and amplification of an X-chromosome DNA repeat in inbred strains of mice.

A 9-kb repetitive DNA fragment (70-38) located near the centromere of the mouse X chromosome is amplified and translocated to an autosome in different inbred strains of mice. In situ hybridization and hybrid cell studies showed that probe 70-38 is located only on the X chromosome in mouse strains A/J, AKR/J, BALB/cJ, CBA/J, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, DBA/2J and SWR/J. However, in four other mouse strains the DNA sequence is found near the centromere of an autosome in addition to the X chromosome. This autosome differs among the mouse strains (chromosome 11 in C57BL/10J or ScSn, chromosome 13 in NZB/B1NJ and chromosome 17 in SJL/J and PO). In those strains where the repeated sequence is located on an autosome, it has been amplified to about 100 copies. Restriction enzyme digestion patterns suggest a common structure for 70-38 sequences in the different strains. The changes in copy number, restriction enzyme digestion patterns, and chromosomal location of 70-38 reflect a rapid genomic evolution inbred mouse strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Perspectives on rehabilitative and educative-developmental psychotherapy.

Two approaches to psychotherapy from two different perspectives are explored: the rehabilitative and the educative-developmental. The goals of treatment, the therapist/patient role relationship and treatment techniques are delineated and illustrated by use of case material. Whether the focus is on self-image, specific learning, social interpersonal deficits, or on a spectrum of maturational arrests, if the focus of treatment is on disturbed functioning with the goals of reducing the impact of the defect than the work is more often rehabilitative than educative-developmental. A wide range of psychotherapeutic activities can be rehabilitative in nature whether the techniques used are exploratory or supportive. If the focus is on self-exploration with the goals of self-understanding leading to conflict resolution then the work is educative-developmental in nature. The significant differences between a therapeutic relationship based on an impairment model and an educative one are delineated. Other differences in approach between these two perspectives are also discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Mental health services for Chinese in a community health center.

Serious mental health problems exist within the Chinese population of the United States. This article describes one center's attempt to meet the psychiatric needs of both nonpsychotic and psychotic Chinese patients through bilingual, culturally relevant treatments.

Asian↗
PubMed1981

A framework for the analysis of theoretical and therapeutic approaches to schizophrenia.

IN previous work we have begun to articulate a conception of psychiatry as a profession and to show how this conception may be useful in examining specific controversial issues such as national health insurance and the concept of prevention in psychiatry (Astrachan, Levinson, and Adler 1976; Adler, Levinson, and Astrachan 1978). We define a profession not in terms of its varied theories or forms of practice, but in terms of the major tasks it must perform and the perspectives it takes regarding these tasks. Historically, psychiatry has been committed to four major tasks. These interconnected tasks have been sanctioned by society, and all must be addressed if psychiatry is to retain its credibility and legitimacy. In practice, the tasks frequently are intertwined, yet they are conceptually distinct. In the present paper, we use this conception of psychiatry as a framework for the analysis of the many approaches that have been taken to the understanding and treatment of schizophrenia. Each task is defined in terms of a problematic condition to be controlled or eliminated: illness, defect, deviance, impeded growth. The rationale for work on each task is given by a corresponding theoretical perspective. There is marked disagreement, and often bitter controversy, about the validity of different theories, the value of different treatments, and even the legitimacy of various approaches. Let it be clear, then, that our goal is not to evaluate specific concepts and techniques, nor to argue that one task or perspective is more legitimate than any other. Our goal, rather, is to clarify the nature of the disagreement and to present a comprehensive framework within which different approaches to schizophrenia can be understood and compared and then reconnected in practice.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1981

The medical model and psychiatry's tasks.

Psychiatry's status as a medical discipline stems in large part from its adherence to the medical model. The controversy over whether psychiatry should adhere to the medical model epitomizes the crisis of identity the profession faces. To clarify the medical-model concept and assess its relevance for the field, the author focuses on the clinical medical model, the differences between it an several other models, and its applicability to the four kinds of tasks psychiatrists engage in: medical, rehabilitative, societal-legal, and educative-developmental. He finds the clinical medical model appropriate in varying degrees for all four task areas; however, sometimes the tasks require accepting the primacy of other authority, sub as legal authority, or adding other models, as in work with chronic patients. Although some clinical activities may warrant departure from the medical model, in should not be discarded. Instead psychiatry must strengthen and clarify its appropriate use.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

The concept of prevention in psychiatry: a reexamination.

We examine current concepts of prevention and offer a new approach. Prevention has different meanings and functions in the four major task areas of psychiatry: (1) medical tasks, (2) rehabilitative tasks, (3) social control tasks, and (4) humanistic tasks. Constructs of primary and secondary prevention are most useful in the medical task area. However, efforts at primary prevention of mental illness can have only limited effectiveness when we know so little about etiology. Secondary prevention is central to the medical caring tasks, where early diagnosis and treatment may lead to successful outcome. Tertiary prevention of disease and primary prevention of developmental defect are the work of the rehabilitative task area. The application of models of prevention in the social control and humanistic task areas has led to serious confusion.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The impact of national health insurance on the tasks and practice of psychiatry.

Psychiatry, like all professions, is strongly affected by changes in societal expectations and economic forces. Changes in professional priorities and patterns of patient care will undoubtedly be brought about by national health insurance. Two major types of national health insurance have been proposed: comprehensive health insurance and catastrophic insurance. We do not anticipate major impact on psychiatric tasks from some form of catastrophic insurance. Comprehensive health insurance would shape and change psychiatric practice. An examination of psychiatric tasks provides a framework for anticipating alterations in practice. We identify four major task areas in psychiatry: (1) medical tasks, (2) reparative tasks, (3) social control tasks, and (4) humanistic tasks. These tasks would be differentially influenced. Psychiatry's medical tasks will be stressed, while funding for many reparative tasks may be limited. The care of the severely ill patient may be fragmented because of problems in integrating medical and rehabilitative services.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinicians' practices in personality assessment: does gender influence the use of DSM-III axis II?

We assessed clinicians' practices in the process of personality assessment according to DSM-III axis II criteria. Forty-six clinicians rated personality traits and disorders on two versions of a clinical profile constructed to meet DSM-III axis II diagnoses of histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and dependent, differing only in the sex of the patient. Clinicians tended to use only a single diagnostic category and to make significantly different personality attributions and diagnoses depending on the patient's sex. The sex of the clinician had no impact on the process. We conclude that clinicians viewing a case study tend to make global judgments about personality disorders and are influenced by the patient's gender, even when it has no known relevance. We interpret these findings in terms of critical set theory.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chromosomal localization of the retinol binding protein gene and its elimination as a candidate gene for the repeated epilation (Er) mutation in mice.

The repeated epilation (Er) mutation is an autosomal defect that blocks differentiation in stratified epithelia and appendages in mice. Plasma retinol binding protein (RBP) was tested as a possible candidate gene for the Er defect because of the importance of retinol as a modulator of epithelial morphogenesis and differentiation. Two approaches were used: (1) cloning and sequencing of the RBP cDNA from normal and mutant mice, and (2) the chromosomal localization of the mouse RBP gene. The mouse RBP sequence differs slightly from that of the rat RBP, but mutant and normal mouse RBP have identical sequences. The mouse RBP gene was localized by in situ hybridization to the distal portion of chromosome 19. This physical mapping confirms the recent assignment of the gene to chromosome 19 by linkage analysis. These results eliminate the RBP gene as a candidate gene for the defect in the Er mutation that maps to chromosome 4.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A framework for the analysis of psychotherapeutic approaches to schizophrenia.

A conceptual framework is articulated which clarifies the importance of psychotherapy as part of the treatment armamentarium in working with individuals carrying schizophrenic diagnoses. The author looks at the goals and appropriate role relationships for understanding and treating schizophrenic individuals from multiple psychotherapeutic perspectives. The goal is to present an overview within which different psychotherapeutic approaches to schizophrenia can be understood and compared and then reconnected in actual practice.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Issues encountered in an attempt to implement a second-generation management information system.

Human service organization are beset by internal and external requests for information. As the scale and complexity of such delivery systems has increased, the use of computer-based information systems has become a necessity. The evolution of a client information system in a large, decentralized mental health center is reviewed in this paper to illustrate several critical issues that can be encountered in the application of computer-based technology to human services. An analysis of the center's existing information system and the development of the data forms and procedures necessary for a second-generation system to meet information needs revealed the unique data structure and analysis problems of human service delivery systems. These problems were complicated by regulatory agencies' imposition of external reporting requirements that frequently were unpredictable and inconsistent. Finally, planning and negotiations with the participation of all involved parties demonstrated that formal and informal administrative constraints and conflicting interests within human service organizations must be accommodated or a system may fail. All of these factors combine to highlight both the problems and the need for highly flexible multipurpose information systems.

Boston↗