Biomedical subjects

D Amaratunga

Publications and source records attributed to D Amaratunga.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1999

Comparison of efficacies of oral levofloxacin and oral ciprofloxacin in a rabbit model of a staphylococcal abscess.

Oral levofloxacin was compared to oral ciprofloxacin in a Staphylococcus aureus subcutaneous abscess model in rabbits. Rabbits were surgically prepared with subcutaneous wiffle balls (43 mm in diameter) and allowed to recover for 4 to 6 weeks. Rabbits were infected by direct injection into the capsule with S. aureus ATCC 29213 (5 x 10(5) CFU) and were allowed to remain infected for 8 days before the initiation of anti-infective treatment. Efficacy was determined by assessing the bacterial load within the capsule over a 10-day treatment period. In single-dose pharmacokinetic studies in infected rabbits, similar area under the concentration-time curve/MIC ratios were obtained in the plasma and abscess fluid for levofloxacin at 45 mg/kg of body weight and ciprofloxacin at 200 mg/kg of body weight. Similar efficacies were seen with levofloxacin at 45 mg/kg/day and ciprofloxacin 400 mg/kg/day by day 10. In this model, levofloxacin was significantly more efficacious than ciprofloxacin (P < 0.01).

Abscess↗

PubMed1999

DNA microarrays of the complex human cytomegalovirus genome: profiling kinetic class with drug sensitivity of viral gene expression.

We describe, for the first time, the generation of a viral DNA chip for simultaneous expression measurements of nearly all known open reading frames (ORFs) in the largest member of the herpesvirus family, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). In this study, an HCMV chip was fabricated and used to characterize the temporal class of viral gene expression. The viral chip is composed of microarrays of viral DNA prepared by robotic deposition of oligonucleotides on glass for ORFs in the HCMV genome. Viral gene expression was monitored by hybridization to the oligonucleotide microarrays with fluorescently labelled cDNAs prepared from mock-infected or infected human foreskin fibroblast cells. By using cycloheximide and ganciclovir to block de novo viral protein synthesis and viral DNA replication, respectively, the kinetic classes of array elements were classified. The expression profiles of known ORFs and many previously uncharacterized ORFs provided a temporal map of immediate-early (alpha), early (beta), early-late (gamma1), and late (gamma2) genes in the entire genome of HCMV. Sequence compositional analysis of the 5' noncoding DNA sequences of the temporal classes, performed by using algorithms that automatically search for defined and recurring motifs in unaligned sequences, indicated the presence of potential regulatory motifs for beta, gamma1, and gamma2 genes. In summary, these fabricated microarrays of viral DNA allow rapid and parallel analysis of gene expression at the whole viral genome level. The viral chip approach coupled with global biochemical and genetic strategies should greatly speed the functional analysis of established as well as newly discovered large viral genomes.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1998

Step-down trend tests for identifying the minimum effective dose.

Many authors, most recently Tamhane, Hochberg, and Dunnett (18), have studied the problem of determining the minimum effective dose in dose-response studies. Based on past research and on findings from their own extensive simulation study, which covered a wide range of balanced normal homoscedastic situations, Tamhane et al. recommended a procedure they called SD2L, since it exhibited good performance in almost all the situations they studied. This method is a step-down procedure with a simple linear contrast-based trend test at each step. In this paper, we demonstrate that replacing the linear contrast trend test by Bartholomew's test leads to a procedure, SD2B, that consistently outperforms SD2L. In addition to the balanced normal homoscedastic framework, the finite sample performance of these procedures is also explored under unbalanced and/or heteroscedastic conditions. A third procedure, SD2W, which replaces the linear contrast test by Welch's test, offers some improvement over SD2B in a few heteroscedastic situations. In many cases, the increase in efficiency of SD2B and SD2W over SD2L exceeds 10%.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Reference ranges for screening preclinical drug safety data.

Reference ranges are used in preclinical drug safety studies to screen experimental data for atypical values. The methods used most often to construct sample reference ranges are essentially large sample methods and may flag too few "atypical" values. It is better to generate finite sample reference ranges by modifying existing methods used for constructing tolerance intervals. We define validity and efficiency for reference ranges and discuss the validity and efficiency of the methods described. A finite sample distribution-free method emerges as the clear winner.

Drug Evaluation, Preclinical↗