Biomedical subjects

D B Borson

Publications and source records attributed to D B Borson.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2000

Patenting inventions in combinatorial chemistry.

I have intended to provide an overview of some patent strategies for protecting intellectual property in the combinatorial chemistry arts, along with examples taken from recently issued patents. The opinions in this paper are those of the author, and are not intended to be relied upon as legal advice. Specific questions about any particular patent or invention should be discussed with competent counsel before action is taken. If you would like to look at the patents discussed in this article, they are available on-line at http:¿www.patents.ibm.com/boolquery and at other locations.

Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques↗

PubMed1992

Neutral endopeptidase modulates endothelin-1-induced airway smooth muscle contraction in guinea-pig trachea.

This study was designed to evaluate the role of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) in modulating the airway smooth muscle contraction induced by endothelin-1 in isolated segments of guinea-pig trachea. Endothelin-1 (10(-9)-10(-6) M) produced a concentration-dependent contraction that reached a maximum by 30 min. The NEP inhibitor leucine-thiorphan (10(-5) M) significantly increased the contractile response to endothelin-1. The addition of leucine-thiorphan to tracheal segments precontracted by 10(-9) and 10(-8) M endothelin-1 increased isometric tension by 181 +/- 65% (mean +/- 1 S.E.M.; P less than 0.05) and by 138 +/- 49% (P less than 0.05), respectively. In contrast, the kininase II inhibitor captopril and the peptidase inhibitors leupeptin and bestatin had no effect. Preincubation of endothelin-1 with 1 microgram recombinant human NEP decreased the contractile activity of endothelin-1 by 72 +/- 9%, whereas no effect was observed using heat-inactivated NEP. We conclude that NEP modulates endothelin-induced contraction of airway smooth muscle in the guinea-pig trachea.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Glucocorticoids induce neutral endopeptidase in transformed human tracheal epithelial cells.

Neutral endopeptidase (NEP, also known as enkephalinase, CALLA, or EC 3.4.24.11) is a membrane-bound peptidase present in many different cell types. Previous studies have shown that it modulates the actions of a variety of biologically active peptides on several airway responses. More recent studies have demonstrated that reductions in neutral endopeptidase activity in animal airways is associated with increased responses to exogenously applied and endogenously released peptides. To study the regulation of NEP expression, we used human airway epithelial cells transformed in vitro with an origin-defective SV40 plasmid. Enzymatic activity, measured using [3H-Tyr,D-Ala2]leucine enkephalin, increased with cell density (1.4 ng/10(6) cells at 530 cells/cm2 and 21 ng/10(6) cells at confluence, 400 X 10(3) cells/cm2). In both confluent and nonconfluent cultures, the glucocorticoid budesonide increased neutral endopeptidase activity in time- and concentration-dependent fashions. Maximal increases of 10 ng/10(6) cells greater than control were observed after 6 days of incubation at 10(-7) M budesonide. Dexamethasone also increased NEP, suggesting that the effect is due to glucocorticoid receptor effects. Transcription, as assessed by Northern blot analysis of total cellular RNA, showed that NEP-specific RNAs also increased with increasing concentration of glucocorticoid. We conclude that neutral endopeptidase can be increased by cell growth or density and by glucocorticoids and that the effects of glucocorticoids are mediated by increased NEP gene expression.

Bronchodilator Agents↗

PubMed1991

Roles of neutral endopeptidase in airways.

In recent years, studies of the regulation of the airways have focused to an increasing degree on the roles of neuropeptides. Several peptides have been shown to be present in airways and mediate such diverse responses as ion transport, mucus secretion, bronchospasm or relaxation, edema, cough, changes in vascular permeability, and neutrophil chemotaxis. More recently, studies have described the roles of peptidases, most notably neutral endopeptidase (NEP, also known as enkephalinase, or E.C. 3.4.24.11) and kininase II (also known as angiotensin-converting enzyme, or E.C. 3.4.15.1) in modulating peptide-induced responses. The enzymes cleave a wide variety of peptides, generating metabolites that are inactive in the systems studied to date. Thus inhibitors of NEP potentiate responses to peptides that are cleaved by it. Therefore, NEP plays roles in modulating peptide-induced effects analogous to the role of acetylcholinesterase in modulating cholinergic neurotransmission. In several experimental respiratory diseases, the activity of neutral endopeptidase is decreased, resulting in increased responses to peptides. The therapeutic application of recombinant NEP protects the airways from the adverse actions of stimuli that release inflammatory peptides, and induction of the NEP gene expression by glucocorticoids suggest a possible mechanism for the action of these steroids in treating airway diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, or cystic fibrosis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1991

Modulation of neurogenic inflammation by neutral endopeptidase.

The enzyme neutral endopeptidase (NEP) is bound to the membranes of selected cells in the airways that have receptors for tachykinins. The location of the enzyme, along with its selectivity of substrates (tachykinins are a preferred substrate), allows the enzyme to cleave tachykinins that come close to the cell-surface receptors. By cleaving and thus inactivating tachykinins released during stimulation of the sensory nerves, NEP limits the degree of neurogenic inflammation. Neutral endopeptidase exists in the basal cells of the airway epithelium, nerves, smooth muscle, glands, blood vessels, and perhaps other cells. Thus, the enzyme modulates smooth muscle contraction, gland secretion, cough, vascular permeability, and neutrophil adhesion. Decreased NEP activity occurs with epithelial removal, during respiratory viral infections, and during exposure to irritants (e.g., cigarette smoke and toluene diisocyanate). Delivery of recombinant NEP (rNEP) by aerosol suppressed cough responses during neurogenic inflammation. We suggest that decreased NEP activity will result in exaggerated neurogenic inflammation and may play an important role in inflammatory diseases in airways. Furthermore, drugs that cause up-regulation of NEP may play a therapeutic role by suppressing neurogenic responses. Replacement therapy with rNEP may be useful in diseases where inflammatory peptides (e.g., tachykinins, bradykinin) play a role in pathogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Recombinant neutral endopeptidase attenuates substance P-induced plasma extravasation in the guinea pig skin.

To determine whether exogenously administered neutral endopeptidase (NEP; enkephalinase, EC 3.4.24.11) inhibits the substance P-induced increase in vascular permeability in the skin, we examined the effects of recombinant human NEP on plasma extravasation induced by intradermal injection of substance P in guinea pig skin. Injection of substance P (2.5 X 10(-8) M) induced significant plasma extravasation in the skin (53 +/- 4 mm2 of Evans blue extravasation; mean +/- 1 SEM). In vitro incubation of substance P with recombinant human NEP prior to injection prevented the substance P-induced plasma extravasation in the skin in a dose-dependent fashion. Intradermal preinjection of recombinant human NEP partially inhibited plasma extravasation induced by subsequent injection of substance P (52 +/- 9% of the control without NEP). The H1 and H2 histamine antagonists pyrilamine and cimetidine, and a muscarinic antagonist, atropine, had no effects on substance P-induced responses. Two products of substance P degradation by NEP containing the carboxy-terminal portion, substance P7-11 and substance P8-11, were also without effect. These findings suggest that recombinant human NEP can attenuate substance P-induced increases in vascular permeability in guinea pig skin and, therefore, may be useful in treating dermatologic disorders in which abnormal responses to substance P or other neuropeptides cleaved by NEP may occur.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Neutral endopeptidase inhibitors potentiate substance P-induced contraction in gut smooth muscle.

To determine the role of endogenous neutral endopeptidase (NEP), also called enkephalinase (EC 3.4.24.11), in regulating tachykinin-induced contraction of gut smooth muscle, we studied the effects of NEP inhibitors on the contractile responses to substance P (SP) in isolated longitudinal strips of ileum or duodenum in rats and ferrets. Leucine-thiorphan and phosphoramidon shifted the concentration-response curves of SP to lower concentrations in all tissues studied, but the sensitivity to SP was greater and the effect of leucine-thiorphan was less in the ferret, a finding that correlated with the observation that the ferret ileum contained substantially less NEP activity than rat ileum. Captopril, bestatin, MGTA, leupeptin, and physostigmine did not alter contractile responses to SP, suggesting that kininase II, aminopeptidases, carboxypeptidase N, serine proteinases, and acetylcholinesterase do not modulate the SP-induced effects. These studies suggest that, in the ileum and duodenum, NEP modulates the actions of SP and, furthermore, that the sensitivity of tissues may be determined, at least in part, by the amount of enzymatically active NEP present.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Neutral endopeptidase modulates neurotensin-induced airway contraction.

To determine the role of endogenous neutral endopeptidase (NEP) (also called enkephalinase, EC 3.4.24.11) in regulating neurotensin-induced airway contraction, we used phosphoramidon, a specific NEP inhibitor, in the guinea pig. In studies in vitro, neurotensin and the COOH-terminal fragment neurotensin-(8-13) contracted strips of bronchial smooth muscle in a concentration-dependent fashion (P less than 0.001). In contrast, the NH2-terminal fragment neurotensin-(1-11) and the COOH-terminal fragment neurotensin-(12-13), the main fragments of neurotensin hydrolysis by NEP, had no effect. Phosphoramidon (10(-5) M) did not change resting tension but shifted the concentration-response curves to neurotensin to lower concentrations (P less than 0.001), whereas inhibitors of kininase II, aminopeptidases, serine proteases, and carboxypeptidase N were without effect. Removing the epithelium increased the contractile response to neurotensin (P less than 0.001), and phosphoramidon further increased the response to neurotensin in these tissues (P less than 0.001). Similar results were obtained in studies in vivo using aerosolized neurotensin and phosphoramidon. These results suggest that endogenous NEP in the airways modulates the effects of neurotensin on airway smooth muscle contraction by inactivating the peptide.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1989

Neutral endopeptidase and neurogenic inflammation in rats with respiratory infections.

Neuropeptides such as substance P are implicated in inflammation mediated by sensory nerves (neurogenic inflammation), but the roles in disease of these peptides and the peptidases that degrade them are not understood. It is well established that inflammation is a prominent feature of several airway diseases, including viral infections, asthma, bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis. These diseases are characterized by cough, airway edema, and abnormal secretory and bronchoconstrictor responses, all of which can be elicited by substance P. The effects of substance P and other peptides that may be involved in inflammation are decreased by endogenous neutral endopeptidase (NEP; also called enkephalinase, EC 3.4.24.11), which is a peptidase that degrades substance P and other peptides. In the present study, we report that rats with histories of infections caused by common respiratory tract pathogens (parainfluenza virus type 1, rat corona-virus, and Mycoplasma pulmonis) not only have greater susceptibility to neurogenic inflammatory responses than do pathogen-free rats but also have a lower activity of NEP in the trachea. This reduction in NEP activity may cause the increased susceptibility to neurogenic inflammation by allowing higher concentrations of substance P to reach tachykinin receptors in the trachea. Thus decreased NEP activity may exacerbate some of the pathological responses in animals with respiratory tract infections.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Virus induces airway hyperresponsiveness to tachykinins: role of neutral endopeptidase.

We examined the effects of viral respiratory infection by Sendai virus on airway responsiveness to tachykinins in guinea pigs. We measured the change in total pulmonary resistance induced by substance P or capsaicin in the presence or absence of the neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, phosphoramidon, in infected and in noninfected animals. In the absence of phosphoramidon, the bronchoconstrictor responses to substance P and to capsaicin were greater in infected than in noninfected animals. Phosphoramidon did not further potentiate the responses to substance P and to capsaicin in the infected animals, whereas it did so in noninfected animals. Studies performed in vitro showed that nonadrenergic noncholinergic bronchial smooth muscle responses to electrical field stimulation were also increased in tissues from infected animals and that phosphoramidon increased the response of tissues from noninfected animals greatly but increased the responses of tissues from infected animals only slightly. Responses to acetylcholine were unaffected by viral infection. Neutral endopeptidase activity was decreased by 40% in the tracheal epithelial layer of the infected animals. We suggest that respiratory infection by Sendai virus causes enhanced airway responsiveness to tachykinins by decreasing neutral endopeptidase-like activity in the airway epithelium.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Neutral endopeptidase modulates tachykinin-induced increase in vascular permeability in guinea pig skin.

To determine the regulatory role of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) in the tachykinin-induced increase in vascular permeability, we examined the effects of NEP inhibitors and of other protease inhibitors on plasma extravasation induced by intradermal injection of substance P, neurokinin A, and neurokinin B in guinea pig skin. The three tachykinins induced plasma extravasation in concentration-dependent fashions. A significant NEP activity was found to be present in the guinea pig skin. The tachykinin-induced responses were increased by the NEP inhibitors phosphoramidon and thiorphan. However, other protease inhibitors, including a kininase II inhibitor, did not affect the response. We conclude that NEP modulates the tachykinin-induced increase in vascular permeability in the skin.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Recombinant human enkephalinase (neutral endopeptidase) prevents cough induced by tachykinins in awake guinea pigs.

To determine whether recombinant enkephalinase (neutral endopeptidase, EC 3.4.24.11) prevents cough induced by exogenously applied and endogenously released neuropeptides, we measured cough responses to aerosolized solutions of substance P or of capsaicin for 2 min in random-source guinea pigs before or after exposing them to aerosolized recombinant human enkephalinase. Substance P (10(-16) M) increased coughing compared with its vehicle. Enkephalinase (120 micrograms) inhibited cough induced by subsequent exposure to substance P compared with the response to substance P alone, but after further exposure to the enkephalinase inhibitor leucine-thiorphan (10(-5) M), substance P increased cough significantly. Similar results were obtained for capsaicin-induced cough. In pathogen-free guinea pigs, after they inhaled inactive recombinant enkephalinase (33 micrograms), capsaicin (10(-13) M) increased cough significantly. In contrast, after they inhaled active recombinant enkephalinase (33 micrograms), capsaicin increased cough only slightly. These results suggest that aerosolized enkephalinase reaches the sites of release or actions of endogenous neuropeptides and, by degrading them, prevents cough induced by their release. Furthermore, these studies suggest that recombinant enkephalinase might be useful in the treatment of cough and other symptoms of diseases involving peptides cleaved by this enzyme.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1989

Cigarette smoke induces bronchoconstrictor hyperresponsiveness to substance P and inactivates airway neutral endopeptidase in the guinea pig. Possible role of free radicals.

We examined the effects of acute exposure to cigarette smoke on the airway responses to substance P in anesthetized guinea pigs and on the activity of airway neutral endopeptidase (NEP). After exposure to air or to cigarette smoke we measured the change in total pulmonary resistance (RL) induced by increasing concentrations of aerosolized substance P in the absence or presence of the NEP inhibitor phosphoramidon. In the absence of phosphramidon the bronchoconstrictor responses to substance P were greater in cigarette smoke-exposed guinea pigs than in air-exposed animals. Phosphoramidon did not further potentiate the responses to substance P in smoke-exposed guinea pigs, whereas it did so in air-exposed animals. In the presence of phosphoramidon, bronchoconstrictor responses to substance P in animals exposed to air or to cigarette smoke were not different. Aerosols of SOD delivered before cigarette smoke exposures dramatically reduced smoke-induced hyperresponsiveness to substance P, whereas heat-inactivated SOD had no effect on smoke-induced hyper-responsiveness to substance P. Cigarette smoke solution inhibited NEP activity from tracheal homogenate in a concentration-dependent fashion, an inhibitory effect that was mostly due to the gas phase of the smoke, but not to nicotine. The mild chemical oxidant N-chlorosuccinimide mimicked the concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of smoke solution on airway NEP activity. We conclude that cigarette smoke causes enhanced airway responsiveness to substance P in vivo by inactivating airway NEP. We suggest that cigarette smoke-induced inhibition of airway NEP is due to effects of free radicals.

Airway Resistance↗

PubMed1989

Inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase potentiate electrically and capsaicin-induced noncholinergic contraction in guinea pig bronchi.

To evaluate the role of airway neutral endopeptidase (NEP) in the regulation of contraction of airway smooth muscle in response to endogenous tachykinins, we studied the effects of the NEP inhibitor phosphoramidon on contractions of guinea pig bronchial smooth muscle strips induced by either electrical field stimulation (EFS) or by capsaicin. In the presence of atropine (10(-6) M), propranolol (10(-6) M), phentolamine (10(-5) M), indomethacin (10(-6) M) and pyrilamine (5 x 10(-6) M) EFS (biphasic; pulse width, 1.0 msec; frequency 0.5-5 Hz for 30 sec; intensity, 20 V) produced noncholinergic, nonadrenergic muscle contraction in a frequency-dependent fashion (P less than .001). Phosphoramidon potentiated the contractile responses to EFS (P less than .01). Leucine-thiorphan (10(-5) M), another NEP inhibitor, potentiated EFS-induced contraction in a similar fashion as phosphoramidon (186 and 182% of control, respectively; each comparison, P less than .025). Captopril, bestatin, leupeptin and physostigmine (each drug, 10(-5) M) were without effect (P greater than .5, N = 5). Capsaicin (1.5 x 10(-8) M) produced long-lasting atropine-resistant smooth muscle contraction, an effect potentiated by phosphoramidon (10(-5) M (P less than .001). Removal of the epithelium slightly but significantly (P less than .05) increased the contractile responses to capsaicin and to EFS at impulse frequencies of 2 and 5 Hz, and phosphoramidon substantially increased contractions in tissues without epithelium. The trachea, bronchi and lungs each contained significant NEP activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Influenza infection causes airway hyperresponsiveness by decreasing enkephalinase.

Ferret tracheal segments were infected with human influenza virus A/Taiwan/86 (H1N1) in vitro. After 4 days, the smooth muscle contractile responses to acetylcholine and to substance P were measured. The response to substance P was markedly accentuated, with a threefold increase in force of contraction at a substance P concentration of 10(-5) M, the highest concentration tested. In contrast, the response to acetylcholine was not affected by viral infection. Histological examination of tissues revealed extensive epithelial desquamation. Activity of enkephalinase (neutral metallo-endopeptidase, EC.3.4.24.11), an enzyme that degrades substance P, was decreased by 50% in infected tissues. Inhibiting enkephalinase activity by pretreating with thiorphan (10(-5) M) increased the response to substance P to the same final level in both infected and control tissues. Inhibiting other substance P-degrading enzymes including kininase II (angiotensin-converting enzyme), serine proteases, and aminopeptidases did not affect the response to substance P. Inhibiting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activity using indomethacin and BW 755c did not affect hyperresponsiveness to substance P. Pretreating tissues with antagonists of alpha-adrenoceptors, beta-adrenoceptors, and H1 histamine receptors (phentolamine 10(-5) M, propranolol 5 X 10(-6) M, and pyrilamine 10(-5) M, respectively) had no effect on substance P-induced contraction. These results demonstrate that infection of ferret airway tissues with influenza virus increases the contractile response of airway smooth muscle to substance P. This effect is caused by decreased enkephalinase activity in infected tissues.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Airway neutral endopeptidase-like enzyme modulates tachykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in vivo.

To determine whether neutral endopeptidase (NEP), also called enkephalinase (EC 3.4.24.11), modulates the effects of exogenous and endogenous tachykinins in vivo, we studied the effects of aerosolized phosphoramidon, a specific NEP inhibitor, on the responses to aerosolized substance P (SP) and on the atropine-resistant response to vagus nerve stimulation (10 V, 5 ms for 20 s) in guinea pigs. SP alone (10(-7) to 10(-4) M; each concentration, 7 breaths) caused no change in total pulmonary resistance (RL, P greater than 0.5). Phosphoramidon (10(-4) M, 90 breaths) caused no change either in base-line RL (P greater than 0.5) or in the response to aerosolized acetylcholine (P greater than 0.5). However, in the presence of phosphoramidon, SP (7 breaths) produced a concentration-dependent increase in RL at concentrations greater than or equal to 10(-5) M (P less than 0.001). Phosphoramidon (10(-7) to 10(-4) M; each concentration, 90 breaths) induced a concentration-dependent potentiation of SP-induced bronchoconstriction (10(-4) M, 7 breaths; P less than 0.01). Vagus nerve stimulation (0.5-3 Hz), in the presence of atropine, induced a frequency-dependent increase in RL (P less than 0.001). Phosphoramidon potentiated the atropine-resistant responses to vagus nerve stimulation (P less than 0.001) at frequencies greater than 0.5 Hz. The tachykinin antagonist [D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]-substance P abolished the effects of phosphoramidon on the atropine-resistant response to vagus nerve stimulation (2 Hz, P less than 0.005). NEP-like activity in tracheal homogenates of guinea pig was inhibited by phosphoramidon with a concentration producing 50% inhibition of 5.3 +/- 0.8 nM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Airway Resistance↗

PubMed1988

Toluene diisocyanate increases airway responsiveness to substance P and decreases airway neutral endopeptidase.

Substance P and related tachykinins contribute to the airway hyperresponsiveness caused by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in guinea pigs. Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) is an important modulator of substance P-induced responses. To test the hypothesis that exposure to TDI would increase responsiveness to substance P by inhibiting activity of this enzyme, we determined the dose of substance P required to increase pulmonary resistance by 200% above baseline (PD200) before and after administration of the pharmacologic inhibitor phosphoramidon in guinea pigs studied 1 h after a 1-h exposure to air or 3 ppm TDI. TDI exposure increased responsiveness to substance P significantly. However, phosphoramidon caused a significantly greater leftward shift of the substance P dose-response curve in air-exposed animals than it did in TDI-exposed animals, so that after phosphoramidon, mean values of PD200 in animals exposed to air or TDI did not differ. Tracheal NEP activity was significantly less after exposure to TDI than after exposure to air, whereas activity in the esophagus was the same in both groups. These results suggest that TDI exposure increases the bronchoconstrictor responsiveness of guinea pigs to substance P, in large part through inhibition of airway NEP.

Airway Resistance↗

PubMed1988

Neutral endopeptidase inhibitors potentiate substance P- and capsaicin-induced cough in awake guinea pigs.

To study the roles of substance P and endogenous neutral endopeptidase in mediating cough, we measured cough responses in awake guinea pigs in response to exogenous substance P and capsaicin aerosols in the presence and absence of the neutral endopeptidase inhibitors leucine-thiorphan and phosphoramidon. Substance P stimulated cough in very low concentrations (10(-17)-10(-16) M). In a second study where the investigator did not know whether substance P or diluent alone was aerosolized, substance P (10(-16) M) caused cough. Leucine-thiorphan (10(-5) M) and phosphoramidon (10(-5) M) potentiated substance P-induced cough; NEP inhibitors also potentiated capsaicin-induced cough significantly. These findings suggest that substance P is a potent stimulator of cough responses, that capsaicin-induced cough is mediated by substance P or another similar neuropeptide, and that cough responses are modulated by endogenous neutral endopeptidase.

Animals↗