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Biomedical subjects

D B Graeven

Publications and source records attributed to D B Graeven.

7 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1981

Initiation, motivation, and cessation of phencyclidine use.

An interview study was conducted on 200 phencyclidine (PCP) users in Northern California. The study population, generated through snowball sampling techniques, was constituted primarily of persons not in treatment programs and included three types of users: heavy chronic, light chronic, and recreational. Differences were found between the motivations and patterns of drug use of the three different user types. Contrary to prior studies, it was found that cessation of PCP use was difficult. Most subjects wanted to stop or cut back their use of PCP but were unable to do so. Many heavy chronic users stated they had a craving for PCP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Acute effects of phencyclidine (PCP) on chronic and recreational users.

Snowball sampling techniques were used to generate a sample of 200 phencyclidine users from an area with a 10-year history of extensive PCP use. Three types of users were studied: heavy chronic, light chronic, and recreational users. The extent of PCP use varied from less than twice a month for a period of 6 months to daily use for several consecutive years. Each subject participated in a structured interview which lasted an average of 11/2 h. Subjects were asked about the acute effects of PCP, and about their moods before, during, and after using PCP. Scales based on previous research were used to measure the acute effects and moods. Results showed that heavy chronic users were more likely than recreational users to feel energized by PCP, and to experience negative ideations (thoughts about suicide and death). When age was controlled for, heavy chronic users were also more likely to experience violent effects. Analysis of moods over time showed some similar patterns between heavy chronic and recreational users, as well as some striking differences. Overall, heavy chronic users reported greater mood elevations while high on PCP, and a more dramatic drop in mood after the high wore off, than recreational users. Analysis of the results by user types clarified some of the confusion about contradictory descriptions of the effects of PCP, and point to the need to continue distinguishing between user types.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Family life and levels of involvement in an adolescent heroin epidemic.

Family life was examined in relation to different levels of heroin involvement, use of other drugs, and deviant behavior. The study population included heroin addicts, experimenters, persons exposed but not using heroin, and a comparison sample of persons who neither used nor were exposed to heroin. More elements of family life were related to heroin use by females than males. The relationship with the opposite sex parent had the strongest impact on both male and female heroin users.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Patterns of phencyclidine use.

Use of phencyclidine is a diverse phenomenon with wide variations in both the amount taken and the frequency of use. There is a large group of persons who have tried PCP once or twice and discontinued using. One of the key distinctions pointed out by this exploratory study relates to the feelings of control persons have over the effects of the drug. The PCP user who is not bothered by the lack of control is more likely to feel good and party with others when using and is more likely to have high use patterns. Feelings of control over the effects of PCP indicate an important individual difference in understanding reactions to PCP use and further research should systematically examine this phenomenon. There has been a discrepancy between our conceptions of PCP use and the actual patterns of use found in the United States. It appears that at this time most persons in the drug abuse field are willing to accept the fact that PCP is a drug of choice among young people and that some as yet unspecified proportion of users is able to use PCP and avoid major problems. While there remains much speculation about the motivation for use and the effects of such use, it would apper that we are ready to engage in research which systematically looks at the spectrum of users.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Experimental heroin users: an epidemiologic and psychosocial approach.

An interview study was conducted on a sample of experimental heroin users involved in an adolescent heroin epidemic. Results showed that heroin use patterns varied, with high users stabilizing at a low frequency of use over a long period of time. Results also showed that experimental users were more likely to occur in the late phase of a local heroin outbreak. Psychosocial data indicated that high users differed from low users in that they had less supportive family experiences, more experience with the criminal justice system, and less positive feelings about self and future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Phencyclidine (PCP): a local and national perspective.

Phencyclidine (PCP) is an illicit drug with a high potential for negative effects. It is easy to synthesize and difficult to control because the precursors are easy to obtain. DAWN data shows that PCP episodes in emergency rooms and hospitals have increased from the twenty-third most frequently observed drug in 1973 to sixteenth in 1975. One explanation for the increase in PCP use is the change in the mode of administration from pill to smoking. An exploratory study of a local outbreak of PCP describes the effects of PCP and the dilemma facing the user. Regular PCP use is difficult to hide, but since stigma is attached to PCP use, the PCP user is reluctant to admit to regular use.

California↗