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Biomedical subjects

D Braddock

Publications and source records attributed to D Braddock.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Living circumstances of children and adults with mental retardation or developmental disabilities in the United States, Canada, England and Wales, and Australia.

The purpose of this article was to collate evidence to describe where people with mental retardation or developmental disabilities live in five developed countries: United States, Canada, England, Wales, and Australia. Family homes are important dwelling places for people with mental retardation. They are the home of the great majority of children with mental retardation and a considerable proportion of adults with mental retardation. The likelihood of placement outside the family home increases with adulthood and progressively as people age. Adults with mental retardation live in a wide variety of settings, with formal residential provision frequently dependent on the arrangements that the authorities responsible for providing service support have chosen to make. There has been a considerable move away from accommodating people in large segregated and geographically isolated institutions in the countries considered. However, the current range of accommodation includes much with a distinctively different character to the homes where other citizens live. Many people still live in larger groups than would be ordinarily found in typical homes and this may necessitate departure from the architectural norm. In all of the countries considered, there has been a recent trend towards small community settings, compatible with typical housing architecture. This appears furthest advanced in the U.S. but is discernible elsewhere. Availability of residential services at a national level varies between 100 and 155 places per 100,000 total population. Regional variation within countries is even greater. In no case is the national availability considered adequate to meet the demand arising from changing need or expectations. MRDD Research Reviews 7:115-121, 2001. (c) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Barriers to exercise in African American women with physical disabilities.

OBJECTIVE: To examine what factors African American women with one or more physical disabilities perceive as barriers to exercise and how they rank them. SETTING: Department of Disability and Human Development at a major university. STUDY DESIGN: Data were collected through telephone interview using a newly developed instrument (Barriers to Physical Exercise and Disability [B-PED]) that addressed issues related to physical activity and the subjects' disability. SUBJECTS: Fifty subjects were asked questions about their participation and interest in structured exercise. RESULTS: The four major barriers were cost of the exercise program (84.2%), lack of energy (65.8%), transportation (60.5%), and not knowing where to exercise (57.9%). Barriers commonly reported in nondisabled persons (eg, lack of time, boredom, too lazy) were not observed in our sample. Only 11% of the subjects reported that they were not interested in starting an exercise program. The majority of subjects (81.5%) wanted to join an exercise program but were restricted by the barriers reported. CONCLUSION: African American women with a physical disability are interested in becoming more active but are limited in doing so because of their inability to overcome several barriers to increased physical activity participation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Physical activity patterns of African-American women with physical disabilities.

UNLABELLED: There is a dearth of research on the exercise and activity patterns of persons with disabilities, particularly minority women with disabilities. This lack of information makes it difficult for public health officials to set policy guidelines for this segment of the population. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to survey the exercise and activity patterns of African-American women with severe physical disabilities (N = 50). METHODS: The Physical Activity and Disability Survey (PADS) was created for subjects who have a severe limitation in movement and function (e.g., limited ability to stand or walk, needs an assistive aid to ambulate, needs assistance with activities of daily living). Reliability data were obtained on the PADS for interrater, test-retest, and internal consistency on the two subscales (Exercise and Activity). The Exercise subscale had an interrater reliability of 0.83 and test/retest reliability of 0.85. The Activity subscale had an interrater reliability of 0.68 and test/retest reliability of 0.66. Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency was 0.78 for the Exercise subscale and 0.68 for the Activity subscale. RESULTS: Results showed very low levels of exercise and general activity patterns in African-American women with physical disabilities. Only 8.2% of the sample participated in leisure-time physical activity, and only 10% engaged in aerobic exercise three or more days per week for at least 15 min. Unstructured physical activity (e.g., work-related activity, housework, gardening, shopping) was nearly absent. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the extremely low levels of self-reported physical activity in African-American women with severe physical disabilities expose them to a higher risk of secondary health conditions.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

Overweight prevalence in persons with Down syndrome.

Prevalence of overweight among the general population has been reported to be 33% for males and 36% for females. We undertook this study to establish overweight prevalence data in a cohort with Down syndrome and to stratify the incidence of overweight by living arrangement. We measured Body Mass Index (BMI) in 283 persons with Down syndrome and found a higher prevalence of overweight in this group compared to the general population. Individuals with Down syndrome living in a family setting had a higher incidence of overweight than did those living in a group home setting. Overweight prevalence among persons with Down syndrome should be considered a major public health concern that warrants further attention from researchers, practitioners, family members, and individuals with Down syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Toward family and community mental retardation services in Massachusetts, New England, and the United States.

Current trends in mental retardation services in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts were investigated using the New England region, the state of Michigan, and the United States as comparative frames of reference. Our goal was to analyze recent structural, financial, and programmatic trends in Massachusetts and the New England region to close state institutions and implement community and family support services. Massachusetts in particular illustrates the policy choices and challenges facing many American states engaged in restructuring their service delivery systems. New England is an extremely dynamic and innovative region that is providing significant national leadership in the provision of alternatives to institutional care.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1996

Flow cytometric evaluation of non anti-RH1(D) monoclonal Rh antibodies.

IgG non anti-RH1(D) monoclonal Rh antibodies were evaluated by flow cytometry. The values obtained with these antibodies were less strong than those obtained with anti-RH1(D) antibodies. For a significant number of antibodies, the signal was not high enough to give reliable results for the antibody specificity. Despite these drawbacks, flow cytometry was an efficient tool to appreciate the variation of reactivity by different antibodies with normal or variant cells. These variations were not always obvious by serological means.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Research on physical activity and disability: an emerging national priority.

Despite the voluminous amount of research that has been published in the field of exercise science over the past three decades, there remains a paucity of information on the activity patterns and physiological responses to exercise in persons with disabilities. In an era when physical activity has grown to new heights in terms of its importance in promoting health and preventing disease, many questions pertaining to how it affects the lives of individuals with physical disabilities remain unanswered. The purpose of this paper is to review the prevalence of disability in the United States and to present recommendations for future research on physical activity and disability. A related objective of this paper is to encourage exercise scientists to undertake research on this increasingly significant group of American citizens.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1995

Using Medicaid fee-for-service data to develop community health center policy.

This article presents an analysis of fee-for-service Medicaid data for King County, Washington. This analysis was conducted using Department of Social and Health Services billing records for patients of the community health centers of Seattle-King County (14 primary care sites), the Seattle-King County Department of Public Health (9 primary care sites), and Harborview Medical Center (a large tertiary facility with a primary care outpatient clinic associated with the University of Washington) from January through June, 1992. The complete billing records of all patients who utilized any one of the 24 sites were made available. These records were used to review utilization patterns and patient costs. The implications for community health centers regarding Medicaid managed care, health care reform, and population-based management are discussed.

Aid to Families with Dependent Children↗
PubMed1994

Costs of family care for adults with mental retardation and related developmental disabilities.

"Out-of-pocket" spending by families supporting an adult family member with mental retardation or related developmental disability was characterized and estimated. Annualized nonreimbursed spending among a sample of 99 Chicago-area households was evaluated through survey and telephone interview across 10 categories of routine daily living expenses and disabilities-related services. The average annual out-of-pocket cost was $6,348. Average pre-tax income for the sample households was $37,657. Although wealthier households reported higher levels of spending, the percentage of household income represented by out-of-pocket costs increased significantly as family incomes decreased. Results were discussed in the context of families as a focus for service planning and public policy and the importance of the family to the nation's system of care.

Adult↗