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Biomedical subjects

D C Brodie

Publications and source records attributed to D C Brodie.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1985

Implications of the new technology for pharmacy education and practice.

Educators and practitioners in the health professions are faced with two questions as they attempt to adapt to changes brought by new technology. What is the nature of the technology? and What are the implications for education and practice? The present paper directs these questions to pharmacy in a three-part discussion: the implications of the technology; the relevant technology presented as brief, descriptive vignettes; and comments on the apparent problems which are created by technological change. The implications are presented first, as a set of general guidelines, second, the implications for the knowledge and skill components of education and practice, and third, as attitudes required by pharmacists and pharmacy students. The paper concludes with a list of still unanswered questions relative to the future.

Computers↗
PubMed1985

Implications of new technology for pharmacy education and practice.

Specific knowledge and skills needed by pharmacists in an era of advancing health-care technology are presented, and the most important modern technologic developments in health care are described briefly. Implementation of new technology in health care will be affected by cost considerations and by social trends such as shifting population demographics, an increase in diseases of lifestyle, consumerism, and self-care. Technologic advances in the following areas are described: computerized information networks, bioelectronics, biotechnology, computer graphics, diagnostic imaging, and drug development in space and in the oceans. Diseases are noted for which diagnosis and treatment using new technology is promising. The roles of interferon and monoclonal antibodies are described, and trends in development of new drugs and drug delivery systems are traced. A new philosophical basis for pharmacy education that is consistent with the needs of a technologically oriented society is needed. Practitioners will look to their professional societies for assistance in identifying and implementing the new technology.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1982

Pharmaceutical education in perspective.

Several contemporary issues in pharmaceutical education in the United States are explored. Topics discussed include evolutionary growth and reform in pharmaceutical education, distinction among pharmacists related to practice site, the effects of a pluralistic health-care system on pharmaceutical education, the need for a contemporary philosophy of pharmaceutical education, the place for "training" in pharmaceutical education, and relationships between AACP and ASHP. In the 1980s, pharmaceutical education has three goals to accomplish. First, the relationship between academicians and practitioners must be improved. Second, an active program of recruitment for undergraduate and graduate students needs to be established. Finally, an agreement must be reached on a one- or two-tier structure for education. The author advocates the one-tier (single-entry-degree) system of pharmaceutical education, and he argues that pharmacy will become seriously divided if it does not commit itself to this course.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1982

Assessing whether a clinical pharmacy program is meeting its goals.

An assessment of whether the clinical pharmacy program at Memorial Hospital Medical Center (MHMC), Long Beach CA, was meeting its goals is presented. MHMC is a 858-bed, nonprofit teaching hospital that initiated a clinical pharmacy program in 1967. The program's three foremost goals were to: (1) establish cohesive and standardized clinical services, (2) promote the acceptance of the roles and functions of clinical pharmacists by physicians and nurses, and (3) assure the provision of good quality care. The evaluation data were collected over a six-week period using questionnaire surveys of approximately 28 pharmacists, 146 physicians, and 389 nurses; pharmacist service reports from 5991 drug monitorings; 228 medical record audits for six drugs; 68 guideline compliance records for three drugs; interviews with 131 users of the drug information services; abd logs of 3946 pharmacist encounters with other health-care providers. Generally, the clinical pharmacy program was found to be meeting its goals. Most of the monitorings (81.6%) were initiated by pharmacists, and 20% resulted in changes in drug therapy. The pharmacists adhered to the pharmacy department's monitoring and dosing guidelines. There was unanimous satisfaction among users of the drug information service with the response received from pharmacists, and 99% satisfaction with the promptness of response and accuracy of the information. Sixty-eight percent of the pharmacists reported discussing general issues with physicians, and 72% answered patient-specific questions from physicians. The physicians (96%) and nurses (97%) thought that there was an improvement in the quality of patient care as a result of pharmacist involvement. Pharmacists at MHMC are providing useful clinical services.

California↗
PubMed1981

Pharmacy's societal purpose.

The changing societal purpose of pharmacy is discussed. Historically, the societal purpose of pharmacy has been to make drugs and medicines available. While this core function of pharmacy remains unchanged, the profession's purpose has evolved with new medical and pharmaceutical knowledge and technological advancements. The traditional role of dispensing medications has been expanded to include developing and managing drug distribution systems that provide access points to consumers and assure drug safety and compliance with legal and professional standards. These new responsibilities have required pharmacists to acquire expertise in the storage of data, distribution, and inventory control functions, and the management of data for drug histories, patient records, quality assurance programs, and drug information services. Pharmacists and support personnel who are qualified to perform the physical and scientific aspects of drug distribution and control must also be able to handle the interpersonal relationships required at the interface of the pharmacy system and the ultimate consumer. Today's pharmacists must provide services that transmit the knowledge and skills they have at their command to physicians, other pharmacists, and patients. The service component of pharmacy should supplement and complement its core function.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1980

The pharmacy service of Memorial Hospital Medical Center.

This article identifies the scope of activities, needs and subjects of a clinical pharmacy service program in a progressive community hospital. Even after ten years of constant effort, a comprehensive hospital clinical pharmacy program still requires continual review, changes, and improvements.

California↗
PubMed1979

Developing drug-use profiles from drug-charge records.

The potential for developing a drug-use profile from drug-charge records was studied at an 830-bed community hospital. Patient drug charges were reviewed retrospectively for one year (1975) to identify: (1) which key drugs accounted for a high percentage of cost and usage; (2) where key drugs were used within the hospital; (3) how they were used; and (4) who were the chief prescribers. Of the drugs used, 8% accounted for 80% of total drug product costs. Seven drug groups (10% of the total drug groups) appeared in the top 10 of both drug cost and quantity categories. Six individual drugs also appeared in the top 10 of both categories. According to cost, cephalosporin antibiotics were ranked first among drug groups but were sixth according to quantity. Analgesics-antipyretics were ranked first among drug groups by quantity and second by cost. Cephalothin was ranked first among individual drugs by cost and was not in the top 10 in quantity. Diazepam was ranked first among individual drugs by quantity and third by cost. Patients' drug-charge records can be used effectively to generate drug-use profiles for ongoing drug use review, quality assurance and cost containment programs.

California↗
PubMed1978

Need for reform in health professions accrediting.

At least 50 vocational or professional groups, exclusive of specialties within categories, now provide a health service. Many have established accrediting procedures for maintaining educational standards, and the number is increasing. So great is the demand from the accrediting bodies that universities and academic health centers find that the cost in terms of money, time, and duplication of effort has become exhorbitant, and thereby a major problem in the management of educational institutions. The duplication of effort leads to fragmentation of the entire accrediting process, and this, in turn, fosters inadequate sharing of health professions educational experiences. A model is presented that would lessen the burden of accrediting on educational institutions and simultaneously permit testing of the feasibility of a multiprofessional accrediting mechanism.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1977

Model for drug usage review in a hospital.

A five-component conceptual model for drug usage review is discussed as it applies to hospitals. The components of the model are: (1) authority, (2) operational and demographic characteristics of the delivery system and the population served, respectively, (3) the existing profile of drug usage, (4) standards of appropriateness and review of drug usage, and (5) scheme of evaluation to measure the impact of review. A drug usage review program in a hospital should: (1) improve the level of patient care and often reduce the cost of care, (2) improve the management and use of hospital resources, (3) clarify the drug component of patient care and better integrate pharmaceutical services with other hospital services, and (4) improve the fact-finding capacity that can help identify and solve hospital problems.

Drug Utilization↗
PubMed1975

Suicide by overdoses of medicines among the aged.

The current literature on suicide by medicinal overdose among the elderly population of the United States and Britain is discussed. The older white male is a high risk in this regard. Physical and mental illnesses contribute to the problem of suicide among the aged, and some of the drugs prescribed for treatment (e.g., barbiturates and psychotherapeutic agents) are often accessible to the older person for misuse in suicide. The responsibilities of the prescribing physician and the practices of the dispensing pharmacist are considered in relation to the exposure of the elderly patient to potentially lethal drugs. Prediction of suicidal attitudes in the elderly is complicated by the fact that any attempt at suicide usually is serious and rarely preceded by gestures. Depression, based on social factors, is common among older people. Some of them face problems of declining income and prestige, as well as a loss of physical and mental powers. A change in the attitude of society towards the elderly may help to alleviate the depressive state which so often contributes to the suicidal potential.

Aged↗