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Biomedical subjects

D C Funder

Publications and source records attributed to D C Funder.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Emotional experience in daily life: valence, variability, and rate of change.

Measurements of 3 basic affective phenomena--valence of emotion, intraindividual variability, and rate of change--were derived from self-reports of emotion gathered from 123 participants (68 females, 55 males) sampled 4 times daily over 8 days. Self-reports and acquaintances' descriptions of personality were also obtained. The 3 emotion variables were not significantly intercorrelated and yielded different personality correlates. Valence of emotion positively correlated with extraversion, intraindividual variability with repression, and rate of change with fearfulness and hostility toward others, but not all results were consistent across gender. It is suggested that future research pay increased attention to patterns of emotional change over time and to the relations between gender and emotional experience.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Personality.

Personality psychology is as active today as at any point in its history. The classic psychoanalytic and trait paradigms are active areas of research, the behaviorist paradigm has evolved into a new social-cognitive paradigm, and the humanistic paradigm is a basis of current work on cross-cultural psychology. Biology and evolutionary theory have also attained the status of new paradigms for personality. Three challenges for the next generation of research are to integrate these disparate approaches to personality (particularly the trait and social-cognitive paradigms), to remedy the imbalance in the person-situation-behavior triad by conceptualizing the basic properties of situations and behaviors, and to add to personality psychology's thin inventory of basic facts concerning the relations between personality and behavior.

Behavior↗
PubMed2000

The Riverside Behavioral Q-sort: a tool for the description of social behavior.

The Riverside Behavioral Q-sort (RBQ) is a flexible technique for gathering a wide-ranging description of the behavior of individuals in dyadic social interaction. Ratings of RBQ items can attain adequate reliability to reflect behavioral effects of experimental manipulations and to manifest meaningful correlations with a variety of personality characteristics. The RBQ's flexibility, validity, and relative ease of use may facilitate the more frequent inclusion of behavioral data in personality and social psychology.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Perspectives on personality: the relative accuracy of self versus others for the prediction of emotion and behavior.

This study compares the relative accuracy of targets' self-reports and other-reports of personality in predicting two criteria: (a) emotional experience in daily life and (b) behavior in the laboratory. Ratings of the targets' extraversion and neuroticism were obtained from two knowledgeable informants and the targets themselves. Target participants wore an electronic signaling device ("beeper") for eight days and rated positive and negative emotions at four randomly selected times each day. The participants also interacted with an opposite-sex stranger in a laboratory context and their behavior was coded from videotapes. Targets' self-reports of personality were consistently more accurate than other-reports in predicting daily emotional experience. Self-reports also outperformed other-reports in predicting extraversion-related laboratory behaviors, but not neuroticism-related behaviors. The relative accuracy of self- and other-reports of personality would seem to depend on the criterion employed; self-reports are clearly better for the prediction of emotional experience, while for behavior the picture is mixed.

Affect↗
PubMed1998

A multimodal analysis of personal negativity.

This study examined how unhappiness and self-dissatisfaction are related to behavior, self-perception, social reputation, and the way one is treated by others. Varying in personal negativity (PN)--a composite of unhappiness, dissatisfaction with life, low self-esteem, and nonclinical depression--146 undergraduates (82 women and 64 men) engaged in 3 interactions. Participants' behavior and the behavior of their interaction partners was coded from videotapes. Personality ratings were obtained from participants and from 2 close acquaintances. PN was closely associated with maladaptive social interactions, negative behavioral responses by others, and a negative social reputation and self-image. Although women more clearly expressed PN behaviorally, men and women showed generally similar patterns of correlates. These results suggest that even subclinical levels of unhappiness and self-dissatisfaction may have important consequences.

California↗
PubMed1996

Comparing the accuracy of personality judgements by the self and knowledgeable others.

In this article we compare the accuracy of personality judgements by the self and by knowledgeable others. Self- and acquaintance judgements of general personality attributes were used to predict general, videotaped behavioral criteria. Results slightly favored the predictive validity of personality judgements made by single acquaintances over self-judgements, and significantly favored the aggregated personality judgements of two acquaintances over self-judgements. These findings imply that the most valid source for personality judgements that are relevant to patterns of overt behavior may not be self-reports but the consensus of the judgement of the community of one's peers.

Ego↗
PubMed1995

Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: negative implications for mental health.

The relation between overly positive self-evaluations and psychological adjustment was examined. Three studies, two based on longitudinal data and another on laboratory data, contrasted self-descriptions of personality with observer ratings (trained examiners or friends) to index self-enhancement. In the longitudinal studies, self-enhancement was associated with poor social skills and psychological maladjustment 5 years before and 5 years after the assessment of self-enhancement. In the laboratory study, individuals who exhibited a tendency to self-enhance displayed behaviors, independently judged, that seemed detrimental to positive social interaction. These results indicate there are negative short-term and long-term consequences for individuals who self-enhance and, contrary to some prior formulations, imply that accurate appraisals of self and of the social environment may be essential elements of mental health.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Agreement among judges of personality: interpersonal relations, similarity, and acquaintanceship.

Personality judgments of 184 targets were provided by the self, college acquaintances, hometown acquaintances, parents, and strangers. Study 1 found that knowing the target in the same context enhanced but was not necessary for interjudge agreement and that acquaintances who had never met agreed with each other as well as those who had met. Study 2 found that personality judgements by acquaintances manifested much better interjudge and self-other agreement than did judgments by strangers. Acquaintances were not more similar to their targets than were strangers, and their accuracy derived more from their distinctive judgment of the target than from assumed similarity. These results rule out overlap, communication, and assumed similarity as necessary bases of interjudge agreement and thereby support the simpler hypothesis that interjudge agreement stems from mutual accuracy.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Convergence between self and peer in the response-time processing of trait-relevant information.

Research on "self-schemas" has extensively documented the effects of these hypothesized cognitive structures on the processing of self-knowledge, but it has neglected to establish whether these structures correspond to knowledge other persons possess about an individual's personality traits and whether this peer-knowledge is represented by cognitive structures similar to self-schemas. In the present study, "schematic" measures such as response time in self-ratings were compared with traits attributed to participants by well-acquainted peers. Peer-ratings were nearly as accurate as self-ratings in predicting response-time patterns in self-description. Moreover, extreme self-ratings by the target individual were predictive of extreme peer-ratings and quick peer-judgments for the trait in question. This pattern of convergence did not depend on any similarity between the peer's own self-ratings and those of the target. These results indicate that the content and processing characteristics of knowledge structures developed of individuals by well-acquainted peers are remarkably similar to the content and properties of the individual's own self-schemas.

Cognition↗
PubMed1995

On the accuracy of personality judgment: a realistic approach.

The "accuracy paradigm" for the study of personality judgment provides an important, new complement to the "error paradigm" that dominated this area of research for almost 2 decades. The present article introduces a specific approach within the accuracy paradigm called the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM). RAM begins with the assumption that personality traits are real attributes of individuals. This assumption entails the use of a broad array of criteria for the evaluation of personality judgment and leads to a model that describes accuracy as a function of the availability, detection, and utilization of relevant behavioral cues. RAM provides a common explanation for basic moderators of accuracy, sheds light on how these moderators interact, and outlines a research agenda that includes the reintegration of the study of error with the study of accuracy.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Behavioral manifestations of personality: an ecological approach to judgmental accuracy.

The present study concerns connections between personality traits, the behaviors by which they are manifest, and the behaviors by which they are judged. One hundred forty undergraduate Ss were videotaped in 2 social interactions, and 62 behaviors were coded from each tape. Separately, personality descriptions were obtained from knowledgeable informants. A pair of "strangers" viewed each videotape then also provided personality descriptions. Other Ss rated the diagnosticity of the 62 behaviors for each of the Big Five personality traits. The diagnosticity ratings predicted how behavioral cues would be used by strangers and were closely related to their actual relevance as indexed by their correlations with informants' judgments. These findings speak to the general accuracy of personality judgments, the development of methods to improve accuracy, and the value of reintegrating traditionally separate concerns of personality and social psychology.

Cues↗
PubMed1993

Consensus, self-other agreement, and accuracy in personality judgment: an introduction.

Consensus in personality judgment refers to the agreement with which two people (or more) can describe the personality of another; self-other agreement refers to the similarity between personality descriptions by the self and by others; and accuracy refers to the degree to which personality descriptions capture real attributes of the persons described. After years of focusing on other subjects, researchers recently have renewed their interest in these three topics. Current empirical research is philosophically diverse and includes studies incorporating pragmatic, constructivist, and realist approaches. Other research is resolving long-standing methodological problems and providing new analytic techniques for the study of consensus, self-other agreement, and accuracy. This special issue includes articles exemplifying all of these research approaches and documents that a new wave of research on consensus, self-other agreement, and accuracy in personality judgment now comprises a burgeoning field that has finally come of age.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Explorations in behavioral consistency: properties of persons, situations, and behaviors.

In a study exploring the cross-situational consistency of behavior, 140 undergraduate Ss were video-taped in each of 3 laboratory settings, and personality descriptions of these Ss were obtained from friends and acquaintances. Analyses focused on the degree to which Ss maintained consistent patterns of behavior across laboratory settings and between these settings and daily life. The following conclusions were reached: (a) Behavior can exhibit impressive consistency at the level of psychological meaning, (b) psychological properties of situations can be detected from their behavioral effects, (c) cross-situational consistency and discriminativeness are independent, and (d) some behaviors are more consistent than others.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Predicting personality and behavior: a boundary on the acquaintanceship effect.

Recent research has shown that interjudge agreement in personality ratings increases with acquaintanceship. The present study sought to replicate and extend this finding by investigating the relation between acquaintanceship and behavioral prediction. A total of 138 undergraduate targets were videotaped while interacting with an opposite-sex partner in 3 situations. The targets also completed 5 personality measures. Results indicated that acquaintances' judgments predicted personality scores much better than did strangers' judgments, but acquaintances' and strangers' judgments did equally well at predicting behavior. Implications for research on the accuracy of personality judgments are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Biases in relapse attributions made by alcoholics and their wives.

Although numerous studies have investigated the relapse attributions of alcoholics, few have considered the biases inherent in such attributions. Two sources of bias were investigated in the relapse attributions of 26 alcoholic men and their wives: the passage of time and actor-observer perspective. As predicted: (a) Wives made more dispositional attributions than their husbands (an actor-observer difference); (b) the attributions of the husbands showed a dispositional shift over time, while their wives' attributions showed no temporal effects; and (c) attributional concordance within couples increased over time. Several explanations for these results were considered and implications for couples therapy with recovering alcoholics and their spouses were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The role of ego-control, ego-resiliency, and IQ in delay of gratification in adolescence.

The delay-of-gratification behavior of 104 14-year-old Ss (54 girls and 50 boys) was assessed in an experiment in which each subject chose between immediate monetary payment and larger, delayed payment on 5 occasions. Personality data were obtained on these adolescents in the form of California Adult Q-Set ratings made by several research examiners who were blind to the subjects' delay behavior. The number of delayed payments chosen was strongly correlated with these personality ratings, within both sexes. Ss who exhibited the most delay of gratification tended to be independently described as responsible, productive, ethically consistent, interested in intellectual matters, and overly controlled. They tended not to be described as unable to delay gratification, rebellious, unpredictable, self-indulgent, or hostile. Delay behavior in both sexes was also correlated positively with IQ and with Q-sort-derived indexes of ego resiliency and ego control. The relationship between ego control and delay behavior was particularly strong after both IQ and ego resiliency were partialled. These results were interpreted as reflecting the fundamental importance of both cognitive skillfulness and impulse control for adaptive delay behavior in situations that contain strong motivational inducements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Friends and strangers: acquaintanceship, agreement, and the accuracy of personality judgment.

We examined the effect of acquaintanceship on interjudge agreement in personality ratings. Approximately 150 undergraduates described their own personalities using the Q-sort. They were also described by two close acquaintances and by two "strangers" who knew them only via a single, spontaneous interaction viewed on videotape. The effect of acquaintanceship was powerful: Judgments by close acquaintances agreed with each other and with subjects' self-judgments much better than did judgments by strangers, even though strangers' judgments agreed with each other and with subjects' self-judgments beyond a chance level. This result implies that agreement among acquaintances' judgments must derive at least partly from experience with and observation of the person who is judged. The same traits that yielded better agreement among acquaintances also yielded better agreement among strangers and tended to be rated higher in subjective visibility, suggesting that people are intuitively knowledgeable about the traits they can judge with more and less agreement.

Adult↗