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Biomedical subjects

D C Reid

Publications and source records attributed to D C Reid.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in drinking water biofilms: implications for transmission in early life.

AIMS: To provide evidence of water quality as a risk factor for acquisition of Helicobacter pylori in early life, and to identify evidence for its presence within pots used to store drinking water. METHODS AND RESULTS: A prospective cohort study of 65 infants was conducted in the rural village of Keneba, The Gambia. Age of H. pylori colonization was determined and water pot biofilms were tested for H. pylori by sequencing of amplified DNA. Use of supplemental water was a strong risk factor for H. pylori colonization in infants (OR 4.71, 95% CI 1.17-22.5). DNA with 95% homology to the 16S rRNA gene of H. pylori was isolated from biofilms of water pots. CONCLUSIONS: Drinking water may be a reservoir for H. pylori in areas of the developing world where water quality is poor. Early introduction of water, particularly if stored in, or collected from contaminated sources, may be associated with an increased rate of H. pylori colonization.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Helicobacter sp. recovered from drinking water biofilm sampled from a water distribution system.

Workers examining the transmission route(s) and reservoir(s) of infection for Helicobacter pylori have postulated several environmental reservoirs for the organism, including water. Such work has, to date, concentrated on the bulk liquid in drinking water systems rather than on biofilms. Previous investigations by the authors have suggested biofilms in water distribution systems are a possible reservoir of infection. This current study comprised of an analysis of a section of cast iron mains distribution pipe removed from an urban environment in the north-east of Scotland during routine maintenance work. Immediately upon removal of the pipe section, the interior lumen was swabbed to remove the biofilm layer. Subsequent analysis for the presence of Helicobacter DNA using a nested PCR approach produced a positive result. This data provides the first evidence for the existence of Helicobacter in biofilms found in water distribution systems anywhere in the world.

Biofilms↗
PubMed1996

Factors predicting employment 1 year after traumatic spine fracture.

STUDY DESIGN: This prospective cohort study evaluates the employment status of 489 persons after traumatic spine fracture. OBJECTIVES: To determine the rate, type, and predictors of employment 1 year after traumatic spine fracture. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The limited existing literature regarding employment after spine fracture reports variable return-to-work rates, tends to be retrospective, and generally evaluates a limited number of predictor factors at a time. METHODS: Four hundred eighty-nine persons ranging in age from 15 to 64 years who had experienced a spine fracture were assessed by a single examiner at hospital discharge and 1 year postinjury. Employment status and type. discharge neural and functional status, pain level, demographics, injury level and severity, and early treatment details were evaluated. RESULTS: At 1 year postinjury, 54% of subjects were working. A higher percentage of the employed were working part time and for fewer weeks per year than preinjury. A higher percentage were working at unskilled clerical, sales, or service jobs than preinjury. The significant positive (+) and negative (-) predictors of employment were (from strongest to weakest); worked in year previous to injury (+); employed at time of injury (+); Worker's compensation Board coverage (-); spinal fracture surgery (+); high-level spine fracture (-); pain (-); Functional Independence Measure score (+); and days of stay in intensive care unit and spinal unit (-). CONCLUSIONS: For the first year after spinal fracture, unemployment is common. Those who do return to work are more likely to modify the amount and type of work they do and to have been employed preinjury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Shoulder abduction strength measurement in football players: reliability and validity of two field tests.

Musculoskeletal and neurologic injuries affecting shoulder strength are common in contact sports. Full-strength recovery is desired before resumption of competition. On-field assessment of shoulder strength is usually done by manual muscle testing, which lacks sensitivity and reliability. Our objective was to determine the reliability and validity of two field instruments capable of quantifying shoulder abduction strength. Twenty junior football players underwent bilateral isokinetic (60 degrees/s) and isometric shoulder abduction strength measurements using a Cybex 340 isokinetic dynamometer. Test-retest measurements of both shoulders of each player were made using strain gauge (SG) and handheld dynamometer (HHD) instruments. Players were tested during rested and competition conditions. Within and between session reliabilities were calculated using the intraclass coefficient, and validity was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Overall reliability for each device was calculated using Lisrel analysis. SG was found to be superior to HHD in overall reliability and validity. Within-session reliability in the rested and competition states was 0.75 and 0.78, respectively, for SG and 0.60 and 0.81, respectively, for HHD. Between-session reliability in the rested and competition states dropped to 0.51 and 0.63, respectively, for SG and 0.55 and 0.70, respectively, for HHD. Validity was 0.41 and 0.70 for SG when correlated with Cybex at 0 degree and 60 degrees/s respectively. Validity for HHD was 0.28 and 0.42 for Cybex speeds of 0 degree and 60 degrees/s, respectively. SG reliability and validity were similar when testing was done one shoulder at a time or both shoulders concurrently.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Position of the cervical vertebrae during helmet removal and cervical collar application in football and hockey.

There is lack of consensus among prehospital personnel (athletic therapists, paramedics, sport physiotherapists) concerning specific aspects of initial care and assessment of injured athletes presenting signs and symptoms of a cervical spine injury (CSI). In instances of serious injury involving the head and/or spine, complicated by altered levels of consciousness, protective equipment such as helmets and shoulder pads may provide a hinderance to prompt, safe and efficient management. Specifically, there is disagreement concerning the need or advisability of removing protective head gear, as in the case of football and hockey athletes. Using the technique of fluoroscopy, the cervical spine displacement of 21 male football and hockey athletes was determined while wearing protective shoulder pads and protective head equipment at the following times (a) during helmet removal, (b) during cervical collar application, and (c) as the helmetless head was allowed to rest. Subsequent frame-by-frame video arthokinematic analysis, using computer-assisted digitization, showed significant alterations in the position of adjacent cervical vertebrae during helmet removal, cervical collar application, and head rest. Results suggest that stabilization and transportation of football and hockey athletes with suspected CSI in their respective protective equipment is recommended in order to reduce the risk of further trauma by unnecessary cervical spine motion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Incomplete neural deficits in thoracolumbar and lumbar spine fractures. Reliability of Frankel and Sunnybrook scales.

Because neural status is used both as a treatment determiner and outcome measure, a universal, reliable scale is required. Experienced personnel, provided with concise definitions, demonstrated high inter-rater reliability of Frankel and Sunnybrook scales (Pearson correlation coefficients 0.71-0.91), with 94-100% intra-rater agreement. Both scales correspond to total sensory and motor function but are insensitive to walking and bladder function. Frankel's wide clinical use, reliability, and simplicity identify it to be the preferred measurement system until a better alternative is developed. Discussion of neural status must include description of bladder and walking function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The effects of a reduced exercise duration taper programme on performance and muscle enzymes of endurance cyclists.

The influence of tapering on the metabolic and performance parameters in endurance cyclists was investigated. Cyclists (n = 25) trained 5 days.week-1, 60 min.day-1, at 75-85% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) for 8 weeks and were then randomly assigned to a taper group: 4D (4 days; n = 7), 8D (8 days; n = 6), CON (control, 4 days rest; n = 6), NOTAPER (non-taper, continued training; n = 6). Muscle biopsy specimens taken before and after training and tapering were analysed for carnitine palmityltransferase (CPT), citrate synthase, beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD), cytochrome oxidase (CYTOX), lactate dehydrogenase, glycogen and protein. Significant increases in VO2max (6%), a 60-min endurance cycle test (34.5%), oxidative enzymes (77-178%), glycogen (35%) and protein (34%) occurred following training. After the taper, HOAD and CPT decreased 25% (P less than 0.05) and 26% respectively, in the CON. Post-taper CYTOX values were different (P less than 0.05) for 4D and 8D compared with CON. Muscle glycogen levels were increased (P less than 0.05) after tapering in the 4D, 8D and CON, but decreased in NOTAPER. Similarly, power output at ventilation threshold was significantly increased in the 4D (27.4 W) and 8D (27 W) groups, but decreased (22 W) in the NOTAPER. These findings suggest that tapering elicited a physiological adaptation by altering oxidative enzymes and muscle glycogen levels. Such an adaptation may influence endurance cycling during a laboratory performance test.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Influence of electrical stimulation on the morphological and metabolic properties of paralyzed muscle.

Selected morphological and metabolic properties of single fibers were studied in biopsy samples from the tibialis anterior of normal control and spinal cord-injured (SCI) subjects. In the SCI subjects, one muscle was electrically stimulated progressively over 24 wk, in 6-wk blocks for less than or equal to 8 h/day, while the contralateral muscle remained untreated. The percentage of fibers classified as type I [qualitative alkaline preincubation myofibrillar adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase)] was significantly less in the unstimulated paralyzed muscles than in the muscles of normal control subjects. Electrical stimulation increased the proportion of type I fibers in the SCI subjects. For both type I and type II fibers, the cross-sectional area, activities of myofibrillar ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase, and the capillary-to-fiber ratio were also significantly less in the paralyzed muscles than in the normal control muscles. Electrical stimulation increased only the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in both fiber types of the SCI subjects. These data are discussed in relation to the electromechanical properties of the respective muscles described in an accompanying paper (J. Appl. Physiol. 72: 1393-1400, 1992). In general, the electrical stimulation protocol used in this study enhanced the oxidative capacity and endurance properties of the paralyzed muscles but had no effect on fiber size and strength.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1992

Effect of high velocity resistance training on peak torque, cross sectional area and myofibrillar ATPase activity.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of high velocity resistance (HVR) training on peak torque (PT), cross sectional area (CSA) and myofibrillar ATPase activity of the knee extensors. HVR training was performed in a circuit on hydraulic exercise equipment, 4 times a week for 5 weeks at an angular velocity of approximately 3.14 rad.s-1. Knee extension PT was determined on a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer and CSA of the quadriceps femoris muscle was assessed using computer tomography (CT) scanning. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the lateral quadriceps muscle and were analyzed for myofibrillar ATPase activity. Knee extension peak torque was significantly increased at 1.57, 2.09, 3.14, 3.66 and 4.19 rad.s-1. Myofibrillar ATPase activity and CSA was also significantly increased after HVR training. These findings showed that short-term high velocity resistance training enhances the in vivo torque/velocity curve especially at fast angular velocities and these changes are partly attributed to an increase in muscle CSA and activity of myofibrillar ATPase.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1991

Spine trauma and associated injuries.

A longitudinal, prospectively gathered data base of spine trauma has been developed. A review of 508 consecutive hospital admissions identified the presence of associated injuries in 240 (47%) individuals, most frequently involving head (26%), chest (24%), or long bones (23%). Twenty-two per cent had one associated injury, 15% had two, and 10% had three or more. Most spine fractures involved the lower cervical (29%) or thoracolumbar junction (21%). Comparisons of presence or absence of associated injuries and spine fracture level showed significant differences (p less than 0.001). Eighty-two per cent of thoracic fractures and 72% of lumbar fractures had associated injuries compared to 28% of lower cervical spine fractures. While there was no significant relationship between type of associated injury and spine fracture level, those with associated injuries were less likely to have a neural deficit (p less than 0.05). After hospital admission, there were seven deaths. Early assessment and transport of spine trauma victims must be carried out with appropriate management of associated injuries. Conversely, multiple trauma victims must be handled with due regard for a possible spine fracture. The value of spinal units with specially trained personnel is emphasized.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effect of systemic inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis on muscle protein balance after trauma in the rat.

Anaesthetized rats were subjected to a single impact trauma to the medial aspect of the right hindlimb (gastrocnemius muscle), and were compared with sham-treated controls. For 3 days after injury, muscles of the traumatized limb showed a marked catabolic response. Muscle protein repletion commenced after day 3, however, this process was not complete until 21 days after injury. Muscles of the uninjured limb of the traumatized rats also showed a distinct catabolic response, compared with rats that were never injured, although this response was less in magnitude than that of the injured limb. At 3 days after trauma, augmented synthesis of prostaglandin (PG)E2 by muscles of the injured and uninjured limb provided evidence of a local and systemic inflammatory response. Inhibition of PG synthesis by the systemic administration of naproxen (6-methoxy-alpha-methyl-2-napthaleneacetic acid) significantly reduced the catabolic loss of muscle protein seen locally and peripherally to the injury site.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1991

Multiple noncontiguous spine fractures.

The data from a prospective study of 508 spine injuries were reviewed to determine the incidence of multiple noncontiguous spine fractures. All patients were examined at admission and at 1 and 2 years postinjury. This series identified 77 (15.2%) multilevel fractures. Motor vehicle accidents were the primary cause of these fractures. The incidence of neurologic injury was not significantly different between multiple noncontiguous and single fractures. Failure to use seat belts and ejection from the vehicle were the main factors associated with multiple noncontiguous spine injuries. Seven major fracture patterns were identified, which accounted for 60% of these injuries. The prognosis for multilevel spine fractures was not significantly worse that that for single-level injuries.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1990

Ultrastructural events following acute muscle trauma.

The purpose of this study was to determine the ultrastructural events occurring in skeletal muscle following acute blunt trauma. Male rats weighing 250 g were subjected to a single impact trauma to the medial gastrocnemius muscle while under general anesthesia. Hemorrhage, inflammation, non-necrotic degeneration, and later regeneration were observed. In the short term following impact (6-24 h), the damaged segments showed gross tearing and degeneration. A large number of mononuclear cells were seen in the intercellular connective tissue and within the damaged muscle cells. By 24-48 h, there was an increase in the number of sarcolemmal nuclei, some of which were likely of satellite cell origin. By day 3, regenerating muscle cells displayed central nuclei and reorganizing sarcomeres. By day 6, further progression of regeneration was seen. Moreover, focal interstitial collagen formation suggested minimal to mild scar formation. On days 14, 21, and 30 after trauma, the muscle appeared to have healed and no abnormalities could be found at the site of injury. In parallel with the ultrastructural events noted, the injured muscles underwent a marked catabolic response and showed a reproducible fall (-27%, P less than 0.001) in total protein content within 48 h. Muscle protein accumulation commenced after day 3; however, complete repletion of the loss did not occur until day 21 post-injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Spine fractures in winter sports.

In a 7-year review of 1,447 spine fractures, 202 (14%) were due to sporting or recreational causes, of which 84 (42%) were associated with paralysis. This high incidence catastrophic injury is second only to motor vehicle accidents. Snowmobiling (10%), skiing (5%), tobogganing (5%) and ice hockey (3%) accounted for approximately one-quarter of these injuries. Snowmobile injuries rose steadily over this period, and the main contributing factors were alcohol, poor lighting, young age and inappropriate terrain. The skiing injuries occurred to novices and top class skiers alike, with one-third of those sustaining a fracture having associated paralysis. In view of the terrain and the speeds involved, the figure is unlikely to change. An alarming trend was the subtle increase in cervical fracture due to ice hockey, most of which were compression injuries with the neck in the neutral or slightly flexible position, and secondary to a collision with the boards. Being decked from behind contributed to the impact. The introduction of measures to reduce these injuries is mandatory, since cervical fractures secondary to ice hockey were associated with permanent paralysis in 67% of the cases. There are several points of initial management which require emphasis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Sonation of lumbar nerve roots as a diagnostic procedure in patients with sciatica.

It has been suggested that sonation of the lumbar nerve roots in patients with sciatica will precipitate their symptoms and therefore may be a useful diagnostic tool in the evaluation of disc protrusions. Thirty healthy subjects (Group 1), mean age 36 (+/- 6) years, were evaluated to establish a baseline response. None had a positive test. A second group of 35 individuals, mean age 38 (+/- 12) years, all had histories of sciatica and sufficient signs to warrant consideration of a myelogram. Subsequently, all had positive myelograms and positive disc protrusions documented at surgery. Only three of the second group had positive responses to the ultrasound test. The ultrasound was 870 kHz continuous at 2watts/cm2 for two minutes, administered at the lumbar paravertebral muscle mass. The ultrasound test had a high specificity and very low sensitivity (.09), indicating that sonation of the lumbar nerve roots in people with sciatica is not a useful preliminary screening test of low lumbar disc disease.

Adult↗