Biomedical subjects

D Cameron

Publications and source records attributed to D Cameron.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1990

Effect of octreotide on mouth-to-caecum transit time in healthy subjects and in the irritable bowel syndrome.

The effect of a single subcutaneous injection of octreotide (50 micrograms) on mouth-to-caecum transit time was determined in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome who complained of bowel frequency, and in healthy volunteers. The assessment of mouth-to-caecum transit time was performed by monitoring breath hydrogen concentration and noting a sustained 10 p.p.m. rise after ingestion of lactulose 40 ml. Measurements were performed fasting, and on a separate day, after a standard breakfast which included 40 ml lactulose. The studies were performed double-blind in a pre-determined random order. Octreotide prolonged mouth-to-caecum transit time in irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy subjects by factors of 2.4 and 2.6 after lactulose when fasting, respectively, and by factors of 2.8 and 2.6 after the breakfast which contained lactulose. The upper gastrointestinal transit rate was similar in irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Clinical experience with a hypotonic oral rehydration solution for treatment of pediatric gastroenteritis in the United Kingdom.

Animal and human perfusion studies suggest that water absorption can be optimized by glucose-electrolyte solutions with low total osmolality. A new oral rehydration solution (ORS), reformulated Dioralyte (RD), containing 60 mmol/L of sodium and 90 mmol/L of glucose with an osmolality of 240 mosm/kg, was tested for safety and efficacy in children in the United Kingdom with acute gastroenteritis. In a double-blind, controlled trial, RD was compared with standard Dioralyte (SD), a widely used low-sodium, high-glucose solution containing 35 mmol/L of sodium and 200 mmol/L of glucose, with an osmolality of 310 mosm/kg. Infants and children aged 2 weeks to 3 years admitted with acute gastroenteritis of less than five days' duration and mild to moderate dehydration were randomized to receive either RD or SD. Clinical and laboratory assessments were made on admission and 12, 24, and 48 hours after treatment. Thirty-two children were enrolled in the study; 14 received RD and 18 SD. No adverse effects from either ORS were reported. Efficacy was evaluated in 24 patients, of whom eight received RD and 16 SD. Total ORS intake and intake in milliliters per kilogram were similar in both treatment groups. Mean fluid balance, mean percentage weight change, and median stool frequency did not differ between the groups at 12, 24, and 48 hours after onset of treatment. Three (12.5%) patients had greater than or equal to 0.05% reducing substances in the stool during treatment, and the incidence was similar in both groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1989

Purification and characterization of an anticonvulsant-induced human cytochrome P-450 catalysing cyclosporin metabolism.

A form of human hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P450hA7) with subunit Mr 50,400 has been purified from an epileptic who had been receiving long-term treatment with anticonvulsant drugs. P450hA7 metabolized the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin A and the dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist nifedipine, but did not metabolize a similar dihydropyridine drug, nicardipine, nor a series of alkoxyresorufin model substrates. The hepatic microsomal concentration of P450hA7 was higher in five individuals who had been receiving long-term anticonvulsant treatment than in any of 21 individuals who had not been similarly treated. The mean P450hA7 concentration in the treated individuals was 5-fold higher than the mean concentration in the untreated individuals. It is concluded that P450hA7 is a member of the cytochrome P450III family which is induced by anticonvulsant drugs in man.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Factors affecting immunization rate in a cohort of elderly veterans: a retrospective pilot study of influenza vaccine compliance.

A survey of aged veterans greater than or equal to 85 years old was undertaken to determine their vaccination behaviour prior to mounting a local education campaign on influenza vaccine. A questionnaire inquiring into circumstances which may have influenced their decision to be immunized against influenza was mailed to all 300 elderly veterans (greater than or equal to 85) obtained from the register at the James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital. Ninety-two persons responded in self addressed stamped envelopes and data were analysed six months following mailing date. The most important reason for not being immunized was lack of information concerning vaccine recommendations and its availability (48%). Fear of 'shots' and side effects was the next most important reason for not taking the vaccine (19%). Amotivation and transportation difficulties played comparatively minimal roles (10%, 13%). These data suggest that health education measures may improve vaccine compliance in the elderly population who suffer from higher death rates and complications from influenza.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Evaluation of three oral rehydration solutions designed for use in developed communities.

One hundred and sixteen children (less than 2 years old) admitted to a London hospital with acute gastroenteritis were randomized to receive either an oral rehydration solution (ORS) with low sodium and high glucose concentration (Na+ 35, glucose 200 mmol/L), an ORS with a high sodium but low glucose concentration (Na+ 60, glucose 111 mmol/L), or an ORS containing glycine and a glucose polymer (Na+ 50, glucose 50, glycine 50 mmol/L). Clinical, biochemical and haematological features of the three groups were similar on admission. Rotavirus was common (31%); the majority of children had minimal dehydration or acid-base disturbance. The clinical outcome, including ORS intake, prevention of dehydration, rehydration, and duration of hospital stay was similar in the three treatment groups. All initial electrolyte abnormalities were corrected; no child developed hypernatraemia or hyponatraemia. At 24 h, the mean serum urea was higher in those who received the ORS containing glycine than in other groups, and it had not fallen significantly since admission. Eighteen per cent of children had carbohydrate intolerance: four children with greater than or equal to 2% reducing substances in their stool had all received ORS with a high glucose content and had numerous watery green stools containing rotavirus. All ORS solutions were safe and effective for rehydration and correction of biochemical abnormalities, however carbohydrate intolerance was more prevalent in children who received the ORS with a high glucose content.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMed1989

Caecal herniation through the foramen of Winslow.

Caecal herniation through the foramen of Winslow is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction and the preoperative diagnosis is rarely made. A patient with caecal herniation through the foramen of Winslow is presented and differentiation from caecal volvulus is stressed. In caecal herniation through the foramen of Winslow the "hilum" of the kidney shaped loop of bowel points towards the foramen of Winslow rather than the right iliac fossa.

Aged↗

PubMed1989