PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

D Chan

Publications and source records attributed to D Chan.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Ultrasound training for emergency physicians--a prospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Bedside ultrasound examination by emergency physicians (EPs) is being integrated into clinical emergency practice, yet minimum training requirements have not been well defined or evaluated. This study evaluated the accuracy of EP ultrasonography following a 16-hour introductory ultrasound course. METHODS: In phase I of the study, a condensed 16-hour emergency ultrasound curriculum based on Society for Academic Emergency Medicine guidelines was administered to emergency medicine houseofficers, attending staff, medical students, and physician assistants over two days. Lectures with syllabus material were used to cover the following ultrasound topics in eight hours: basic physics, pelvis, right upper quadrant, renal, aorta, trauma, and echo-cardiography. In addition, each student received eight hours of hands-on ultrasound instruction over the two-day period. All participants in this curriculum received a standardized pretest and posttest that included 24 emergency ultrasound images for interpretation. These images included positive, negative, and nondiagnostic scans in each of the above clinical categories. In phase II of the study, ultrasound examinations performed by postgraduate-year-2 (PGY2) houseofficers over a ten-month period were examined and the standardized test was readministered. RESULTS: In phase I, a total of 80 health professionals underwent standardized training and testing. The mean +/- SD pretest score was 15.6 +/- 4.2, 95% CI = 14. 7 to 16.5 (65% of a maximum score of 24), and the mean +/- SD posttest score was 20.2 +/- 1.6, 95% CI = 19.8 to 20.6 (84%) (p < 0. 05). In phase II, a total of 1,138 examinations were performed by 18 PGY2 houseofficers. Sensitivity was 92.4% (95% CI = 89% to 95%), specificity was 96.1% (95% CI = 94% to 98%), and overall accuracy was 94.6% (95% CI = 93% to 96%). The follow-up ultrasound written test showed continued good performance (20.7 +/- 1.2, 95% CI = 20.0 to 21.4). CONCLUSIONS: Emergency physicians can be taught focused ultrasonography with a high degree of accuracy, and a 16-hour course serves as a good introductory foundation.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2000

Identification of Enterococcus species and phenotypically similar Lactococcus and Vagococcus species by reverse checkerboard hybridization to chaperonin 60 gene sequences.

Data from four recent studies (S. H. Goh et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:2164-2166, 1998; S. H. Goh et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:818-823, 1996; S. H. Goh et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:3116-3121, 1997; A. Y. C. Kwok et al., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49:1181-1192, 1999) suggest that an approximately 600-bp region of the chaperonin 60 (Cpn60) gene, amplified by PCR with a single pair of degenerate primers, has utility as a potentially universal target for bacterial identification (ID). This Cpn60 gene ID method correctly identified isolates representative of numerous staphylococcal species and Streptococcus iniae, a human and animal pathogen. We report herein that this method enabled us to distinguish clearly between 17 Enterococcus species (Enterococcus asini, Enterococcus rattus, Enterococcus dispar, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus cecorum, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus mundtii, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus malodoratus, Enterococcus raffinosus, Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus pseudoavium, Enterococcus new sp. strain Facklam, and Enterococcus saccharolyticus), and Vagococcus fluvialis, Lactococcus lactis, and Lactococcus garvieae. From 123 blind-tested samples, only two discrepancies were observed between the Facklam and Collins phenotyping method (R. R. Facklam and M. D. Collins, J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:731-734, 1989) and the Cpn60 ID method. In each case, the discrepancies were resolved in favor of the Cpn60 ID method. The species distributions of the 123 blind-tested isolates were Enterococcus new sp. strain Facklam (ATCC 700913), 3; E. asini, 1; E. rattus, 4; E. dispar, 2; E. gallinarum, 20; E. hirae, 9; E. durans, 9; E. faecalis, 12; E. mundtii, 3; E. casseliflavus, 8; E. faecium, 25; E. malodoratus, 3; E. raffinosus, 8; E. avium, 4; E. pseudoavium, 1; an unknown Enterococcus clinical isolate, sp. strain R871; Vagococcus fluvialis, 4; Lactococcus garvieae, 3; Lactococcus lactis, 3; Leuconostoc sp., 1; and Pediococcus sp., 1. The Cpn60 gene ID method, coupled with reverse checkerboard hybridization, is an effective method for the identification of Enterococcus and related organisms.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2000

Interobserver agreement, intraobserver reliability, and the Rorschach Comprehensive System.

Interrater agreement and reliability for the Rorschach have recently come under increasing scrutiny. This is the second report examining methods of Comprehensive System reliability using principles derived from observational methodology and applied behavioral analysis. This study examined a previous nonpatient sample of 20 protocols (N = 412 responses) and also examined a new clinical sample of 20 protocols (N = 374 responses) diagnosed with Research Diagnostic Criteria. Reliability was analyzed at multiple levels of Comprehensive System data, including response-level individual codes and coding decisions and ratios, percentages, and derivations from the Structural Summary. With a number of exceptions, most Comprehensive System codes, coding decisions, and summary scores yield acceptable, and in many instances excellent, levels of reliability. Limitations arising from the nature of Rorschach data and Comprehensive System coding criteria are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

How tumor stage affects american urologists' surveillance strategies after prostate cancer surgery.

The factors which influence decision-making among urologists are not well understood. We evaluated how tumor stage in patients subjected to potentially curative surgery for carcinoma of the prostate affects the self-reported follow-up strategies employed by practicing United States urologists. Standardized patient profiles and a detailed questionnaire based on these profiles were mailed to 4,467 randomly selected members of the American Urological Association (AUA), comprising 3,205 US and 1,262 non-US urologists. The effect of TNM stage on the surveillance strategies chosen by respondents was analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA. There were 1, 050 respondents who provided evaluable data of whom 760 were from the US. The three most commonly used surveillance modalities by urologists were office visit, serum PSA level, and urinalysis. Nine of the 11 most commonly requested modalities were ordered significantly (p<0.001) more frequently with increasing TNM stage. This effect persisted through 10 years of follow-up, but the differences across stage were tiny. Fifty-five percent of US respondents do not modify their strategies at all according to the patient's TNM stage. Most American AUA members performing surveillance after potentially curative radical prostatectomy for otherwise healthy patients use the same follow-up strategies irrespective of TNM stage. These data permit the rational design of a randomized clinical trial of two alternate follow-up plans. The two trial arms would employ office visits, blood tests, and urinalyses at different frequencies based on current actual practice patterns; there would be no imaging tests in either arm.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Minilaparotomy radical retropubic prostatectomy: updated technique and results.

The purpose of this article is to reduce the incisional morbidity associated with standard radical retropubic prostatectomy using the minilaparotomy incision developed for pelvic lymph-node dissection, which was applied to radical retropubic prostatectomy. More than 522 patients underwent minilaparotomy radical retropubic prostatectomy from 1991 to 1997. Preoperative evaluation included history, physical examination, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and Gleason's grade. Postoperative follow-up included serial PSA measurements and a determination of continence. The surgical technique is described in detail. Two hundred sixty-five patients responded to the mailed questionnaire out of a total 522 patients. Satisfactory continence, defined as 0 to 1 pad per day, was achieved in 85% of patients, and 83% of patients had a PSA < 0.2 at an average follow-up of 2.6 years. There was no operative mortality, and overall complication rate was similar to other surgeons. The typical patient was discharged home 3 days postoperatively. Minilaparotomy radical retropubic prostatectomy compares favorably with standard radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Endovascular gastrointestinal stapler device malfunction during laparoscopic nephrectomy: early recognition and management.

PURPOSE: Controlled ligation and division of the renal hilum are critical steps during any nephrectomy procedure. The use of the endovascular gastrointestinal anastomosis (GIA) stapling device for control of the renal vessels during laparoscopic nephrectomy has become standard practice. However, malfunction can lead to serious consequences which require emergency conversion to an open procedure. We report our experience with GIA malfunction during laparoscopic nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 1993 to September 1999, 565 patients underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy at 2 institutions for benign and malignant diseases, and for live renal donation. Retrospective chart reviews and primary surgeon interviews were conducted to determine etiology of failure, intraoperative management and possible future prevention. RESULTS: Malfunction occurred in 10 cases (1.7%). In 8 cases the renal vein was involved and malfunctions affected the renal artery in 2. The estimated blood loss ranged from 200 to 1,200 cc. Open conversions were necessary in 2 cases (20%). The etiology of the failure included primary instrument failure in 3 cases and preventable causes in 7. Open surgery was required in 2 patients and laparoscopic management was possible in 8. CONCLUSIONS: The endovascular GIA stapler is useful in performing laparoscopic nephrectomy. However, malfunctions may occur, and can be associated with significant blood loss and subsequent need for conversion to an open procedure. The majority of errors could be avoided with careful application and recognition. Many failures, especially when recognized before release of the device, can be managed without conversion to an open procedure.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1999

The age of the urologist affects the postoperative care of prostate carcinoma patients.

BACKGROUND: Strategies utilized by urologists in managing prostate carcinoma patients after radical prostatectomy vary appreciably. The reason for this is unclear. The authors investigated the effect of practitioner age on management strategies. METHODS: From among the total of 12,500 American Urological Association (AUA) members, 4467 were randomly selected to receive a custom-designed survey about their care of prostate carcinoma patients after radical prostatectomy. Respondents were asked to describe their follow-up practices for patients treated with curative intent, their motivations regarding postoperative surveillance, their methods of evaluating a postoperative increase in serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, and their choices of treatment for patients with recurrent prostate carcinoma. RESULTS: One thousand fifty responses were analyzed. There was a statistically significant influence of practitioner age on the management of at-risk patients, but it was quite small. The typical workup for an elevated postoperative serum PSA level also varied significantly according to practitioner age; older urologists ordered more serum prostatic acid phosphatase levels and computed tomography scans of the abdomen and pelvis, whereas younger urologists ordered more bone scans. The treatment of recurrent prostate carcinoma did not vary significantly according to urologist age. The opinions of older urologists regarding the survival benefits of postoperative surveillance were considerably different from the opinions of their younger colleagues. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that urologist age accounts for some of the variation in the postoperative management of prostate carcinoma patients. Differences in beliefs regarding the benefits of surveillance may be partially responsible for this. Persuasive clinical research will probably be required to increase the uniformity of practice in this important area.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1999

Interaction of collagen alpha1(X) containing engineered NC1 mutations with normal alpha1(X) in vitro. Implications for the molecular basis of schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia.

Collagen X is a short-chain homotrimeric collagen expressed in the hypertrophic zone of calcifying cartilage. The clustering of mutations in the carboxyl-terminal nonhelical NC1 domain in Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (SMCD) suggests a critical role for NC1 in collagen X structure and function. In vitro collagen X DNA expression, using T7-driven coupled transcription and translation, demonstrated that although alpha1(X) containing normal NC1 domains can form electrophoretically stable trimers, engineered SMCD NC1 missense or premature termination mutations prevented the formation of electrophoretically stable homotrimers or heterotrimers when co-expressed with normal alpha1(X). To allow the detection of more subtle interactions that may interfere with assembly but not produce SDS-stable final products, we have developed a competition-based in vitro co-expression and assembly approach. Our studies show that alpha1(X) chains containing SMCD mutations reduce the efficiency of normal alpha1(X) trimer assembly, indicating that interactions do occur between mutant and normal NC1 domains, which can impact on the formation of normal trimers. This finding has important implications for the molecular pathology of collagen X mutations in SMCD. Although we have previously demonstrated haploinsufficiency as one in vivo mechanism (Chan, D., Weng, Y. M., Hocking, A. M., Golub, S., McQuillan, D. J., and Bateman, J. F. (1998) J. Clin. Invest. 101, 1490-1499), the current study suggests dominant interference is also possible if the mutant protein is expressed in vivo. Furthermore, we establish that a conserved 13-amino acid aromatic motif (amino acids 589-601) is critical for the interaction between the NC1 domains, suggesting that this region may initiate assembly and the other NC1 mutations interfered with secondary interactions important in folding or in stabilizing the assembly process.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1999

High performance DNA sequencing, and the detection of mutations and polymorphisms, on the Clipper sequencer.

The Visible Genetics Clipper sequencer is a new platform for automated DNA sequencing which employs disposable MicroCel cassettes and 50 microm thick polyacrylamide gels. Two DNA ladders can be analyzed simultaneously in each of 16 lanes on a gel, after labeling with far-red absorbing dyes such as Cy5 and Cy5.5. This allows a simultaneous bidirectional sequencing of four templates. We have evaluated the Clipper sequencer, by cycle-sequencing of an M13 single-stranded DNA standard, and by coupled amplification and sequencing (CLIP) of reverse-transcribed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) RNA standards and clinical patient samples. (i) Limitations of instrument. We have examined basic instrument parameters such as detector stability, background, digital sampling rate, and gain. With proper usage, the optical and electronic subsystems of the Clipper sequencer do not limit the data collection or sequence-determination processes. (ii) Limitations of gel performance. We have also examined the physics of DNA band separation on 50 microm thick MicroCel gels. We routinely obtain well-resolved sequence which can be base-called with 98.5% accuracy to position approximately 450 on an 11 cm gel, and to position approximately 900 on a 25 cm gel. Resolution on 5 and 11 cm gels ultimately is limited by a sharp decrease in spacing between adjacent bands, in the biased reptation separation regime. Fick's (thermal) diffusion appears to be of minor importance on 6 cm or 11 cm gels, but becomes an additional resolution-limiting factor on 25 cm gels. (iii) Limitations of enzymology. Template quality, primer nesting, choice of DNA polymerase, and choice between dye primers and dye terminators are key determinants of the ability to detect mutations and polymorphisms on the Clipper sequencer, as on other DNA sequencers. When CLIP is used with dye-labeled primers and a DNA polymerase of the F667Y, delta(5'--> 3' exo) class, we can routinely detect single-nucleotide mutations and polymorphisms over the 0.35-0.65 heterozygosity range. We present an example of detecting therapeutically relevant mutations in a clinical HIV-1 RNA isolate.

Bacteriophage M13↗
PubMed1999

Variations in the monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) gene are associated with Parkinson's disease.

The monoamine oxidase B gene (MAOB; Xp15.21-4) is a candidate gene for Parkinson's disease (PD) given its role in dopamine metabolism and its possible role in the activation of neurotoxins. The association of MAOB polymorphisms (a [GT] repeat allelic variation in intron 2 and an A-G transition in intron 13) with Parkinson's disease (PD) was studied in an Australian cohort of 204 (male:female ratio 1.60) people with PD and 285 (male:female ratio 1.64) age- and gender-matched control subjects. Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood and polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the appropriate regions of the MAOB gene. The length of each (GT) repeat sequence was determined by 5% polyacrylamide denaturing gel electrophoresis and a DNA fragment analyzer, while the G-A genotype was determined using 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. The G-A polymorphism showed no association with PD (odds ratio [OR] = 0.80; p = 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.42-1.53). There was a significant difference in allele frequencies of the (GT) repeat allelic variation between patients and control subjects (chi2 = 20.09; p<0.01). After statistical adjustment for potential confounders using a logistic regression analysis, the (GT) repeat alleles > or =188 base pairs in the intron 2 marker of the MAOB gene were significantly associated with PD (OR = 4.60; p<0.00005; 95% CI = 1.97-10.77). The 186 base pair allele was also significantly associated with PD (OR = 1.85; p = 0.048; 95% CI = 1.01-3.42). The GT repeat in intron 2 of the MAOB gene is a powerful marker for PD in this large Australian cohort.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Current followup strategies after radical prostatectomy: a survey of American Urological Association urologists.

PURPOSE: Followup care of men who have undergone potentially curative surgical treatment for prostate cancer varies widely among clinicians. To determine current practice patterns we mailed a custom designed questionnaire to American and nonAmerican urologists who were American Urological Association (AUA) members. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surveys were mailed to a random sample of the approximately 12,000 AUA members, comprising 3,205 Americans and 1,262 nonAmericans. Evaluable surveys were returned by 760 American (24%) and 290 nonAmerican (23%) urologists. Our analysis is based on these 1,050 responses. RESULTS: In generally healthy patients after radical prostatectomy for stages T1 to 2NOMO and T3a to cNOMO prostate cancer the most frequently recommended followup diagnostic tests included office visit with digital rectal examination, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) and urinalysis. Although there is appreciable variation in the frequency of use of these methods, respondents generally recommended office visit with digital rectal examination, serum PSA and urinalysis every 3 months in year 1, every 6 months in years 2 to 5 and annually thereafter. Other tests, such as serum prostatic acid phosphatase, bone scan, and abdominal and pelvic computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, are rarely recommended. CONCLUSIONS: Our survey provides information regarding current followup strategies recommended by AUA urologists after radical prostatectomy for stages T1 to 2NOMO and T3a to cNOMO disease. Office visits and digital rectal examination, urinalysis and PSA measurement are the main tools that urologists currently use. Although optimal strategy remains unknown, these data permit the rational design of clinical trials of alternate followup strategies based on actual current practice to answer this important question.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Parental employment, school climate, and children's academic and social development.

Longitudinal data were used to examine the effects of parental employment status and school climate on children's academic and social development. Hierarchical regression, analyses of covariance, and latent growth modeling were used to assess various aspects of change as a function of work status and school climate with family income and education as control variables. Parental employment was associated with positive changes in social and academic progress even after controlling for prior developmental level, climate, and family income although effects were small and complex. School climate had minimal effect on the outcome variables. Income and education were related to various school outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Sites in the United States contaminated with radioactivity.

Over the century that radioactive materials have been mined, processed, produced, and utilized, many sites across the United States have become contaminated. Such sites include bases and installations of the Department of Defense, weapons production and research facilities of the Department of Energy, properties under the authority of other Federal agencies, privately-owned and governmental facilities that are licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and its Agreement States, and sites licensed by or the responsibility of states. This review reports on aspects of work by the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Defense, the Department of Energy, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and others to identify sites contaminated with radioactive materials. It also describes the principal programs that have been instituted to deal with them.

Government Agencies↗
PubMed1999

The ACE deletion polymorphism is not associated with Parkinson's disease.

The deletion allele (D allele) polymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with increased levels of the neuropeptide substance P in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra. A reduction of substance P levels in the brain occurs in Parkinson's disease (PD) and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. We investigated the hypothesis that the D allele may be protective towards PD by examining the frequency of the ACE (I/D) polymorphism in 178 PD cases (male:female ratio = 1.4) and 192 controls (male:female ratio = 1.5). ACE (I/D) genotype was determined using polymerase chain reaction and 3% agarose gel electrophoresis. Unadjusted chi-square analysis revealed no significant difference between genotype frequencies (chi2 = 3.30, p > 0.10) or allele frequencies (chi2 = 2.52, p > 0.10) between patient and control groups, although PD patients were less likely to be homozygous (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.49-1.29) or heterozygous (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.59-1.06) for the D allele. A stepwise logistic regression analysis of the ACE deletion and risk factor data confirmed that there was no significant association between the ACE deletion (D allele) polymorphism and PD (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.35-1. 10, p = 0.10). This study does not support the hypothesis that the D allele of the ACE gene confers a protective effect with respect to PD.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Delirium: making the diagnosis, improving the prognosis.

Delirium is a common development in at-risk older patients hospitalized for acute illness or postoperative care. Although delirium's risk factors are well documented, less is known about its pathophysiology and long-term prognosis or about the relationship between delirium, dementia, and depression. Evaluation and management of delirium is a medical emergency. Diagnostic tools include the Confusion Assessment Method rating scale, patient history from capable informants, and physical/mental examinations. Management consists of prevention, treatment of underlying causes or associated factors, supportive care, and pharmacologic intervention (as indicated). Studies that have looked at the reversibility of delirium suggest that patients often are slow to recover their previous level of function.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

A clinical comparison of resin composite inlay and onlay posterior restorations and cast-gold restorations at 7 years.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of Concept indirect posterior heat- and pressure-polymerized restorative material and compare it to the performance of cast gold. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Inlays and onlays placed in a standardized manner as part of a clinical study were evaluated at 7 years. Eighteen patients (45%) who had received 36 Concept restorations returned and were evaluated using the US Public Health Service criteria. Restorations were evaluated in seven categories as the percentage receiving Alfa (ideal), Bravo (clinically acceptable), or Charlie (clinically unacceptable) scores or as restoration no longer present. Fourteen of the restorations were cemented with Heliobond bonding resin and 13 were cemented with Special Bond bonding resin. Each patient also received a cast-gold restoration for comparison. RESULTS: Concept restorations received scores of Alfa at the following rates: color match, 64%; interfacial staining, 47%; secondary caries, 75%; wear, 58%; marginal integrity, 64%; surface texture, 72%; and axial contour, 58% (in 14% this category was not applicable because they were Class I restorations). Nine Concept restorations (25%) were no longer present. Fifteen of 18 gold restorations were present at this recall. Statistical analysis indicated no significant differences in any categories between the two bonding resins used with Concept restorative material and the gold restorations. CONCLUSION: At 7 years in vivo, the Concept indirect posterior restorative system yields clinically acceptable restorations, particularly in premolars.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1998

Collagen II is essential for the removal of the notochord and the formation of intervertebral discs.

Collagen II is a fibril-forming collagen that is mainly expressed in cartilage. Collagen II-deficient mice produce structurally abnormal cartilage that lacks growth plates in long bones, and as a result these mice develop a skeleton without endochondral bone formation. Here, we report that Col2a1-null mice are unable to dismantle the notochord. This defect is associated with the inability to develop intervertebral discs (IVDs). During normal embryogenesis, the nucleus pulposus of future IVDs forms from regional expansion of the notochord, which is simultaneously dismantled in the region of the developing vertebral bodies. However, in Col2a1-null mice, the notochord is not removed in the vertebral bodies and persists as a rod-like structure until birth. It has been suggested that this regional notochordal degeneration results from changes in cell death and proliferation. Our experiments with wild-type mice showed that differential proliferation and apoptosis play no role in notochordal reorganization. An alternative hypothesis is that the cartilage matrix exerts mechanical forces that induce notochord removal. Several of our findings support this hypothesis. Immunohistological analyses, in situ hybridization, and biochemical analyses demonstrate that collagens I and III are ectopically expressed in Col2a1-null cartilage. Assembly of the abnormal collagens into a mature insoluble matrix is retarded and collagen fibrils are sparse, disorganized, and irregular. We propose that this disorganized abnormal cartilage collagen matrix is structurally weakened and is unable to constrain proteoglycan-induced osmotic swelling pressure. The accumulation of fluid leads to tissue enlargement and a reduction in the internal swelling pressure. These changes may be responsible for the abnormal notochord removal in Col2a1-null mice. Our studies also show that chondrocytes do not need a collagen II environment to express cartilage-specific matrix components and to hypertrophy. Furthermore, biochemical analysis of collagen XI in mutant cartilage showed that alpha1(XI) and alpha2 (XI) chains form unstable collagen XI molecules, demonstrating that the alpha3(XI) chain, which is an alternative, posttranslationally modified form of the Col2a1 gene, is essential for assembly and stability of triple helical collagen XI.

Animals↗