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Biomedical subjects

D D Dykes

Publications and source records attributed to D D Dykes.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprints for identity determination: comparison with traditional paternity testing methods--Part I.

A study involving comparison of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) finger-printing test with traditional methods used for paternity testing is presented. Samples from 191 cases were tested for a series of blood group and polymorphic protein markers. DNA "fingerprints" were then obtained for all samples using the multilocus probes 33.6 and 33.15. The results of DNA fingerprinting correlated well with those of traditional methods and proved to be informative in cases where traditional methods yielded inconclusive or insufficient results.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed1989

Genetic structure of Mennonite populations of Kansas and Nebraska.

We describe the gene frequency distributions for 29 different blood group, serum, and erythrocytic proteins for three Mennonite communities from Kansas and Nebraska and compare their gene frequencies with those of Amish, Hutterite, and Mennonite populations using the topological method of Harpending and Jenkins (1973). Subdivision of these communities into congregations reveals that the "fission-fusion'h model best characterizes the relationship between the genetic patterns and historical events. These Mennonite populations, although reproductively isolated at the turn of this century, are presently entering the mainstream of US rural culture.

Blood Grouping and Crossmatching↗
PubMed1988

The use of biotinylated DNA probes in parentage testing: non-isotopic labeling and non-toxic extraction.

With a few exceptions DNA probing techniques require the use of radioisotopes and toxic DNA extraction techniques which render the method expensive, potentially hazardous and time-consuming. Most isotopic labeling techniques use the isotope 32P and require 3-10 days to visualize bands after hybridization. An alternative approach is based on the use of non-isotopic detection methods. The available non-isotopic techniques were assessed and their practicality tested. All probes analyzed were tested on samples extracted with a non-toxic extraction procedure using 6 M NaCl as the substitute for phenol and isochloroform. By manipulating probe sizes, blocking agents, selection of membrane and detection system, it is feasible to use non-isotopic labeling and detection in routine parentage testing. Reproducible results were obtained with labeling a variety of DNA probes of various sizes, plasmid and inserts. With an absence of waste disposal costs, probes that are stable for over two years and a staining procedure which takes 3-5 h versus days the technique is well suited for a normal laboratory setting. The next key to the acceptability of DNA testing will be the commercial availability of DNA probes for widespread use.

Biotin↗
PubMed1987

The use of the serum protein factor XIIIB (F XIIIB) in parentage testing.

Three thousand thirty-eight white and 313 black paternity cases were phenotyped for genetic variants of the coagulation Factor XIIIB (F XIIIB). Gene frequencies obtained by testing with agarose gel isoelectric focusing clearly differentiated the white and black populations. The expected probability of exclusion (P) for white subjects was P = 0.19 and for black subjects P = 0.25. The observed rates of exclusions for F XIIIB in white and black subjects were close to expected values. The results indicate that F XIIIB is a valuable tool in parentage testing, and the procedures are reasonably easy and inexpensive.

Black People↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of acid phosphatase ACP1 variants by isoelectric focusing and conventional electrophoresis: identification of three new alleles, ACP1*N, ACP1*P and ACP1*S.

Three new alleles of human red cell acid phosphatase (ACP1) have been identified by comparison with previously reported variants using three different electrophoretic techniques. Family data are available on all the variants and show genetic transmission of the rare alleles ACP1*N, ACP1*P and ACP1*S. Further evidence of a rare allele demonstrating reversed 'A' activity is also described. The report documents the need to use several electrophoretic techniques to characterize new or rare variants.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1985

Lack of influence of TfC genetic phenotype on iron, iron-binding capacity, percentage saturation, and immunologically determined transferrin in blood donor sera.

Although over 22 different genetic variants of human transferrin have been described, three subtypes of the TfC allele, TfC1, TfC2, and TfC3, have a combined gene frequency of over 0.95 in most US populations. We measured iron, iron-binding capacity, and immunologically determined transferrin in blood donor sera of known TfC phenotypes, since we thought the results might be transferrin phenotype dependent, as is haptoglobin concentration on haptoglobin genetic phenotype. However, we found no major differences in the mean iron, mean iron-binding capacity, mean percentage saturation, or mean immunological transferrin in blood donors of different TfC phenotypes. We also found reasonably good correlation (r = 0.86) between immunologically determined transferrin and chemically determined iron-binding capacity with no significant differences in the linear regression parameters for sera of various TfC phenotypes.

Alleles↗
PubMed1985

PGM1 system. Report on the international workshop, October 10-11, 1983, Munich, West Germany.

Because of the increase in the number of PGM1 polymorphisms and the existence of four distinct nomenclatures for expressing subtypes by isoelectric focusing, a nomenclature workshop was held in 1983 to compare variants and arrive at a single method for reporting PGM1 data. A total of 30 rare variants were identified and the recommended method for expressing the four common alleles is PGM1*1A, PGM1*1B, PGM1*2A, and PGM1*2B.

Alleles↗
PubMed1984

Parentage testing using the serum protein plasminogen (PLG).

Isoelectric focusing of plasminogen (PLG) was tested on a Minnesota population of 2,187 white individuals and 451 paternity cases. A total of six different PLG allotypes were observed PLG*1, PLG*2, PLG*3, PLG*B, PLG*D and PLG*M. Observed gene frequencies predicted a probability P = 0.2 of excluding men who were falsely determined to be parents. The observed frequency of PLG exclusions among all exclusions detected in the study using a test battery of 14-16 genetic markers was similar to the expected value. PLG phenotyping proved to be a very useful genetic marker system in routine parentage testing.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Distribution of alpha 1-antitrypsin variants in a US white population.

A white population from the State of Minnesota of primarily German and Scandinavian heritage was subtyped for alpha 1-antitrypsin variants using isoelectric focusing. The frequencies of the genes PI*M1 (0.724), PI*M2 (0.137) and PI*M3 (0.095) were consistent with those for white populations documented in the literature from Northern Europe. Other genes identified in the study were PI*F, PI*I, PI*P, PI*S and PI*Z.

Gene Frequency↗
PubMed1984

Review of isoelectric focusing for Gc, PGM1, Tf, and Pi subtypes: population distributions.

Isoelectric focusing (IEF) as a method for differentiating macromolecules with minor differences in isoelectric points has demonstrated an increase in the degree of genetic polymorphisms of the blood. Studies over the last 5 to 6 years have shown that genetic marker systems such as transferrin (TF), phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), the vitamin D-binding globulin (GC), and A1 antitrypsin (PI) are a great deal more polymorphic than observed using conventional electrophoresis. Additional genetic variants have been detected or further defined in such systems as esterase D (ESD) and hemoglobin (HB) to name a few. The increased heterozygosity levels of these genetic marker systems identified by IEF have added to their value in forensic medicine and resulted in further resolution of racial and population affinities. IEF should prove to be a valuable anthropological tool for measuring population structure and genetic distances.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Population distribution in North and Central America of PGM1 and Gc subtypes as determined by isoelectric focusing (IEF).

Gc subtypes of 20 North and Central American populations and PCM1 subtypes in 11 populations were analyzed to identify interpopulation variation of the respective gene frequencies for common alleles. A total of 23,304 phenotypings were done. Absolute heterozygosity levels (D) generally increased twofold when phenotyping by isoelectric focusing was compared with conventional electrophoresis. Graphic representation of the Gc subtypes and multivariate analysis to identify genetic affinities of the populations under study reveal genetic clusters consistent with major historical and geographical groupings of man.

Alleles↗
PubMed1983

Isoelectric focusing for transferrin (TF) subtypes in parentage testing.

Transferrin subtyping by isoelectric focusing was performed on a total of 362 paternity cases involving white and black child, mother, and alleged father trios. The probability of exclusion (P) in white and black paternity cases was 0.19 and 0.14, respectively. Reproducibility of TF subtyping and the similarity of observed vs. expected exclusion rates demonstrates that TF subtyping is a valuable tool in the routine test panel.

Black People↗
PubMed1983

Five new rare variants of the properdin factor B (BF) locus.

Investigations of local Minnesota whites and blacks demonstrated five new variants at the BF locus. All specimens were tested according to the recommended procedure of Mauff for proper nomenclature assignment and family data obtained when possible. This report brings the number of documented BF variants to 18.

Complement Factor B↗
PubMed1982

Frequency of the ESD*5 allele in three ethnic groups in Minnesota.

Detection of the ESD*5 gene products was simplified by the use of isoelectric focusing (IEF). Gene frequencies for ESD*5 in whites, blacks and Amerindians from the State of Minnesota were 0.019, 0.002 and 0.000, respectively. The gene frequencies observed in the white data set were similar to those reported for European whites.

Alleles↗
PubMed1981

Population structure of Alaskan and Siberian indigenous communities.

Genetic data consisting of 14 red cell antigen groups and 11 serum and erythrocytic protein marker systems from four Eskimo populations of the Norton Sound area of Alaska are reported. The population structure of these four groups in analyzed both separately and within the larger context by comparison to 15 other circumpolar groups. These analyses reveal a good fit between genetic structure, geographic distribution, linguistic affiliation, and the ethnohistory of the region.

Alaska↗