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Biomedical subjects

D E Reed

Publications and source records attributed to D E Reed.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Converging and diverging cholinergic inputs from submucosal neurons amplify activity of secretomotor neurons in guinea-pig ileal submucosa.

The organization of synaptic connections between guinea-pig ileal submucosal neurons was examined using intracellular recordings from single or pairs of submucosal neurons. Synaptic inputs were elicited by stimulating cholinergic neurons using pressure-pulse application of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in ganglia adjacent to those where intracellular recordings were obtained. In addition, when pairs of intracellular recordings were obtained, one neuron was activated by intracellular stimulation and synaptic responses were recorded in the other neuron. Neurobiotin-filled microelectrodes were employed to characterize cells electrophysiologically and immunohistochemically. Recordings were obtained from 176 (173 S-type and three AH-type) neurons; 81% of cells were classified as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons. No fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials and only rare slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials were recorded following intracellular stimulation of paired S-type neurons. However, when paired intracellular recordings were obtained from neurons within the same ganglion and 5-HT was applied to an adjacent ganglion, this stimulation evoked synchronized fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials in 94% of pairs. In contrast, when cell bodies of VIP-VIP pairs were located in different ganglia, fast synaptic activation evoked by 5-HT stimulation was not synchronized in 87% of pairs. When intracellular recordings were obtained from a single neuron and two separate ganglia were stimulated by 5-HT pressure-pulse activation, fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials originating from both sources were recorded in the same VIP neuron. Morphological study of 34 S-type and three AH-type horseradish peroxidase-labeled neurons was conducted. AH-type neurons had multiple axonal branches with dense arborization of collaterals containing numerous varicosities in three to nine ganglia, whereas axons of S-type neurons exhibited relatively rare collaterals and varicosities within adjacent ganglia. These results demonstrate that cholinergic neurons provide both diverging and converging inputs to VIP neurons, providing a mechanism to enhance activation of VIP secretomotor neurons. The axonal projections of AH-type neurons suggest they are likely candidates to provide diverging inputs to multiple VIP neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Pulmonary hypertension and systemic hypotension as limitations to exercise in chronic heart failure.

The authors have previously shown that the resistance ratio (RR) is increased in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), and that the patients with the highest RRs have an increased mortality. The authors hypothesized that CHF patients with the lowest maximum oxygen consumption and the most impaired Weber functional classification would have the highest RR. Eighty-four patients with chronic CHF underwent seated ergometric exercise to exhaustion. Hemodynamic and respiratory gas exchange parameters were measured at rest and peak exercise. Weber functional classifications (A through E) were determined from maximum oxygen consumptions, and patients were stratified to evaluate the RR. The RR increased progressively across Weber classifications at rest (A vs E; P < .001) and with maximum exercise (A vs E; P < .002). At rest, elevation in the RR was related to an increase in the pulmonary pressure gradient (A vs E; P < .002) secondary to increased mean pulmonary arterial pressures. With peak exercise, this elevation was secondary to a decrease in the systemic pressure gradient (A vs E; P < .001). Further analysis revealed that the progressive decrease in the systemic pressure gradient was due to progressively lower mean arterial pressures (A vs E; P < .001). Elevation of the RR, both at rest and peak exercise, predicts a more impaired exercise functional status in patients with chronic CHF. Increases in the RR at peak exercise were related to decreases in mean arterial pressure, most likely limiting perfusion to exercising skeletal muscle. The mechanism of poor exercise blood pressure response in these patients is unclear. Possible explanations include abnormal systemic baroreceptor function with inappropriate vascular adaptation, and a poor cardiac output response to a relative increase in right ventricular afterload in systemic vasodilation seen with exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Remission of FeLV-associated lymphosarcoma and persistent viral infection after extracorporeal immunoadsorption of plasma using staphylococcal protein A columns: details of immune response.

Sixteen feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-infected cats with lymphosarcoma (LSA) were treated by extracorporeal immunoadsorption using staphylococcal protein A columns in order to remove immunoglobulin G (IgG) and circulating immune complexes (CIC) from plasma. Complete viral clearance and long-lasting tumor regression were achieved in nine of the cats and tumor regression without virus clearance was observed in two other cats. Since LSA cats rarely go into spontaneous remission, and since other forms of therapy are ineffective, these cats offered a unique system for analyzing details of the immune response to LSA and FeLV as they are cleared. Immunological parameters associated with the FeLV and LSA responses were assessed in detail in three responder cats and three nonresponders during the treatment and follow-up periods. Two serological parameters that always correlated with complete clearance of LSA were development of precipitating antibodies against FeLV-C gp70 and development of cytotoxic antibodies that kill cultured FL74 LSA cells in the presence of complement. The precipitating antibodies were detected prior to the clearance of LSA and prior to the detection of free cytotoxic antibodies. One serological parameter that always correlated with complete clearance of. FeLV was development of free antibodies to FeLV-AB gp70. Quantitative levels of FeLV-specific CIC and feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA)-specific CIC correlated well with fluctuating levels of the corresponding antigens and antibodies. These results suggest that the staphylococcal protein A treatment columns remove CIC "blocking factors" directly or indirectly and thereby stimulate existing antibody responses. These antibodies mediate clearance of FeLV and LSA.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Problems concerning the taxonomy of the 'Movar-type' bovine herpesviruses.

The inconsistency in naming and labeling bovine herpesviruses (BHVs), other than BHV types 1 and 2 (BHV-1 and BHV-2), found in the literature is reviewed. To resolve the confusion and misunderstanding caused by the use of BHV-3, BHV-4 and BHV-5 for the same kind of BHVs, the most used label BHV-4 is proposed for designating Movar-type BHVs (which also were named 'orphan viruses' or 'cytomegaloviruses').

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Immunization against bovine papillomavirus infection.

The two large open reading frames denoted L1 and L2 in the non-transforming region of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) genome have been molecularly cloned to expression in Escherichia coli. Antisera against the E. coli-derived L1 and L2 protein reacted with BPV-1 in both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunoprecipitation reactions. Neutralization of BPV-induced transformation of mouse C127 cells was demonstrated most consistently with antisera against the L1 protein. E. coli-derived L1 protein protected calves against BPV-1 challenge after vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Identification of Mycoplasmatales in pneumonic calf lungs.

Lungs from 153 calves with clinical signs of pneumonia were examined post-mortem (PM) for the presence of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas during a 38-month period. Sixty-two percent of the cases were submitted during the months when wide fluctuations in climatic conditions occur. Using indirect fluorescent antibody tests (IFAT) and culture, mycoplasmas and/or ureaplasmas were detected in 63% of the lungs examined. Mycoplasma dispar was detected in 39%, M. bovis in 36%, Ureaplasma spp. in 22% and M. bovirhinis in 8.5% of the lungs. Thirty percent of the lungs were infected with more than one species; the most frequent combination was M. bovis, M. dispar and Ureaplasma spp. (10.5%). M. arginini, M. bovigenitalium and acholeplasmas were not cultured. M. dispar was shown to remain viable for up to 15 days PM in apical and cardiac lobes held at 4 degrees C and also was detected by IFAT in the same tissues for 49 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Identification of bovine herpesvirus-1 polypeptides involved in serum neutralization.

Bovine herpesvirus (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus)-infected cell antigens were solubilized with Nonidet P-40. The crude antigen extract was separated by reaction with bovine hyperimmune serum in line immunoelectrophoresis; individual immunoprecipitates were used to immunize rabbits. Rabbit sera possessing serum neutralizing activity were analyzed by reaction with crude antigen extract in immunoprecipitation sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot. Four virus-specified glycopeptides, with molecular weights of 69-75K, 77-81K, 82-92K and 108-115K, appeared to be involved in inducing serum neutralizing antibody.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 RNA in trigeminal ganglia of latently infected rabbits by in situ hybridization.

At times after conjunctival inoculation with bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), representing the acute and latent phases of infection, rabbit trigeminal ganglia were examined for the presence of BHV-1 nucleic acids by in situ hybridization using a 3H-labelled BHV-1 DNA probe. During the acute phase of virus infection, both BHV-1 DNA and RNA were detected in ganglionic neurons and occasionally in adjacent satellite cells. However, during the latent phase of infection only viral RNA was detectable in involved neurons. Viral RNA appeared restricted to the nucleus of latently infected cells and was present in varying amounts in individual cells. These results indicate that the BHV-1 genome is transcriptionally active in ganglionic neurons during latent infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Investigation of possible vaccine-induced epizootics of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, using restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA.

Viral DNA was extracted from each of 14 modified-live (ML) bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccines, representing all of the ML infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) vaccines licensed by the US Department of Agriculture for use in cattle. Restriction endonucleases Pst I and Bgl II were used to establish restriction enzyme patterns for the vaccinal viruses. Viral DNA from isolates obtained from 6 field samples of IBRV (1 from Colorado, 1 from West Virginia, 3 from Wisconsin, 1 from South Dakota) were digested with restriction endonucleases, and patterns were compared to evaluate the role of vaccinal virus in these field epizootics of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Animals from which field samples were obtained had been vaccinated with ML IBRV vaccine before the epizootic of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis occurred in the herds. In 2 of the 6 field samples, DNA restriction endonuclease analyses patterns from the isolates were indistinguishable from the pattern for the vaccinal viruses used. In the remaining 4 field samples, DNA restriction endonuclease analyses patterns of the IBRV from isolates were different from those of the vaccinal viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Studies on the pathogenesis of a bovine cytomegalo-like virus in an experimental host.

Herpesvirus Movar 33/63 is the prototype strain of a group of slow growth bovine herpesviruses which have been reported to exhibit cytomegalovirus-like characteristics. These viruses have the ability to produce long-term persistent infections of spleen and other lymphoreticular organs in both cattle and rabbits. Rabbits were inoculated with a suspension of Movar 33/63 propagated in cell culture, and sacrificed at intervals between 3 days and 49 weeks post-infection. Cell-free infectious virus was detected only in conjunctival secretions, buffy coat and spleen homogenates up to 7 days post-infection. Beyond this brief acute replication period, co-cultivation or explantation was required for the detection of viral infectivity. The spleen, the only organ from which virus was consistently recovered, exhibited the highest infectious titres as detected by infectious centre assay. The use of several cell isolation techniques (including solid-phase fractionation on ligand-coated surfaces, nylon wool filtration, affinity chromatography, immunocytolysis and plastic surface adherence) allowed separation of B-enriched, T-enriched and non-T, non-B cell fractions. Infectivity during the acute and persistent phase of the infection was associated with the non-T, non-B population which was highly enriched in adherent and non-adherent spleen mononuclear phagocytes. No virus was isolated from either T or B cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of the herpesviruses of cattle by DNA restriction endonuclease analysis and serologic analysis.

Reference strains and field isolates of herpesviruses recovered from cattle in the United States were compared by restriction endonuclease (RE) analysis and the indirect fluorescent antibody test. As a result of these comparisons, 5 major biotypes of bovine herpesvirus (BHV) were defined. These types were (i) infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (BHV-1), (ii) bovine herpes mammillitis virus (BHV-2), (iii) malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus (herpesvirus alcelaphinae), (iv) the group of slow-growth isolates represented by the prototype strain Movar 33/63 (bovine cytomegalovirus candidate), and (v) the syncytia-forming Pennsylvania 47 strain. Bovine herpesvirus-1 and BHV-2 did not cross-react serologically with any other type of BHV tested. A low, but consistent level of serologic cross-reactivity was detected among MCF virus, the Movar group, and Pennsylvania 47. Several nonsyncytial, slow-growth strains, which were recovered from dissimilar clinical syndromes and were serologically related to Movar 33/63, exhibited similar DNA RE cleavage patterns, confirming their identity as members of a single type. There was no isolate from American domestic cattle similar to the African MCF virus, which has been sporadically isolated from exotic ruminants in the United States. The African MCF virus isolated during a MCF epizootic in a United States zoo exhibited some DNA RE cleavage differences in comparison with the MCF virus world prototype strain WC 11, indicating that strain diversity exists within this biotype.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The effect of some common inactivation procedures on the antigens of bovine herpesvirus 1.

Bovine embryonic kidney cells were infected with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) or were sham-inoculated. When cytopathic effect was apparent, the cells were treated with beta-propiolactone, formalin, heat (56 degrees C), or ultraviolet irradiation until the virus was inactivated. Infected-treated, infected-untreated (IU) and sham-inoculated cultures were solubilized using Triton X-100 detergent. Resulting preparations were tested by 2-dimensional- and fused rocket-immunoelectrophoresis and were evaluated for their ability to inhibit virus neutralization by BHV1 antiserum. Eleven viral antigens were detected consistently in IU preparations, which strongly inhibited virus neutralization. Eight or more IU antigens were detected in beta-propiolactone-treated, formalin-treated and heat-treated preparations; these inhibited virus neutralization less strongly than the IU preparations. No IU antigens were detected in ultraviolet-treated preparations, nor did this material inhibit virus neutralization. One of the IU antigens was reduced preferentially by all treatments. The selective destruction of antigens by the various treatments might allow antigen-specific serological testing to distinguish vaccinated from naturally-exposed cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Cross-reactions of bovine herpesvirus 1 antigens with those of other cattle herpesviruses.

Bovine embryonic kidney cells were infected with bovine herpesviruses (BHV1, 2, or 3), suid herpesvirus 1 (SHV1), or were sham-inoculated. When cytopathic effect was apparent, the cells were solubilized using Triton X-100 detergent. Resulting antigen preparations were tested by 2-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis using bovine fetal serum and antisera directed against BHV1, BHV2, BHV3, SHV1 or a restricted spectrum of BHV1 antigens. Interaction of BHV1 antiserum with BHV1 antigen preparations resulted in 11 precipitation arcs. The same antiserum produced 3 arcs with BHV2, none with BHV3, and 5 with SHV1. The interaction of BHV1 antigen preparations with BHV2, BHV3, or SHV1 antisera failed to produce demonstrable arcs. However, when heterologous antigen or antibody preparations were added to BHV1 homologous 2-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis tests, all 11 BVH1 arcs were modified by BHV1, 2 by BHV2, 4 by BHV3 and 4 by SHV1 preparations. Two antigens were common to the 4 herpesviruses. Antigen preparations were tested for their ability to inhibit virus neutralization by BHV1 antiserum; only the BHV1 preparation was active. Sera were tested for BHV1 neutralizing activity; only BHV1 antiserum and a serum specific for a restricted spectrum of BHV1 antigens were active. A glycoprotein antigen associated with BHV1 neutralization was identified which may be important in the protection of animals against disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Electrophoretic protein transfer applied to immunoelectrophoresis.

A method for electrophoretic transfer of a crossed immunoelectrophoretic (CIE) pattern from an agarose gel onto a nitrocellulose sheet is described. The CIE pattern to be transferred was formed using Nonidet P-40 solubilized, bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) induced antigens and bovine hyperimmune serum. An autoradiogram of a CIE pattern, formed using [35S]methionine-labeled NP-40 solubilized, BHV-1 induced antigens and bovine hyperimmune serum, was used as a control pattern. Both antigen and antibody were transferred to the nitrocellulose sheet. This was demonstrated by the ability of transferred antigen to react with specific antibody detected by the addition of 125I-labeled anti-species antibody and transferred antibody to react with both [35S]methionine-labeled antigen and 125I-labeled protein A. This method has application for determining the specificity of monospecific sera for individual arcs in CIE patterns.

Animals↗