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D F Cormack

Publications and source records attributed to D F Cormack.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Criteria for evaluating the clinical and practical utility of models used by nurses.

Arguably, nursing, like all health care disciplines, is an applied science. Essentially, this refers to the application of theory in order to understand and respond to the health problems of clients. These theories may be drawn (borrowed) from any applied science, or generated inductively from clinical nursing practice. Alternatively, nurses may attempt to apply deductive theory (global theoretical frameworks) known as nursing models. In this paper, all theoretical approaches, irrespective of origin, are referred to as models used by nurses. Thirteen criteria by which clinicians, and others, can evaluate the clinical and practical utility of models used by nurses which are expressed in the form of questions are identified and discussed. The criteria are an extension, both in detail and in number, of those developed by Reynolds and Cormack and subsequently applied by those writers to the Johnson Behavioural System Model of Nursing. The value, or otherwise, of individual models, or of models in general, will not be discussed in this paper. However, the authors propose that if the evaluation criteria described here are applied to existing models, serious deficits will be identified in relation to their clinical and practical utility.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed1991

An evaluation of the Johnson Behavioural System Model of Nursing.

In this paper the authors evaluate the Johnson Behavioural System Model of Nursing by applying the assessment criteria described in an earlier paper. Data for the evaluation were collected by one of the authors (W.R.) at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital, and the UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles. The major focus of this paper relates to how nurses at the above facilities apply the Johnson Behavioural System Model of Nursing and how that relates to the questions posed in a previous paper which should be asked by clinicians when assessing the relevance of a model to clinical nursing practice: namely, (a) to what extent does the model assist with the identification of the range of human responses to actual or potential health problems? (b) How does the model enable a nursing diagnosis to be made, and what is the basis of that diagnosis? (c) Does the model explain why individuals respond to health problems in the way that they do? (d) Does the model inform clinicians of the nursing interventions required to enable the client to move towards optimum health? (e) Does the model help to provide an understanding of the desired outcome of nursing intervention?

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Clinical teaching: an evaluation of a problem orientated approach to psychiatric nurse education.

In a recent paper by one of the authors (Cormack 1080) the use of the problem orientated approach to nursing, and a proposed framework for assessing nursing needs, were discussed. Subsequently one of the writers (W.R.) utilized the problem orientated approach during the psychiatric nursing experience made available to student nurses undergoing the comprehensive modular training at the Highland College of Nursing and Midwifery, Scotland. This paper presents an evaluation of the problem orientated approach which has now been developing for 2 years. This paper describes the experience of W.R. in using a problem orientated approach to nursing diagnosis and nursing care prescriptions. It is argued that such an approach, combined with patient-centred rather than classroom based nurse education, is essential to enable psychiatric nurse teachers to teach effectively. Such a patient-centred approach is also necessary to clarify the psychiatric nurses' role and to shift the emphasis of psychiatric nurse education away from psychomotor skills to interpersonal skills. While it is recognized that this evaluation does not comply with the scientific criteria of a formal research based project, it is suggested that the experience of the authors and the comments of the many students involved in the exercise accurately reflect the problems encountered and the progress achieved.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1981

Making use of unsolicited research data.

Two hundred and fifty-one unsolicited comments, relating in general terms to the research subject, were recorded during the collection of data for the writers current research concerning the role of the psychiatric nurse. The paper demonstrates how such 'unofficial' comments may be used to further our understanding of the research process generally and of the research subject in particular. The comments are analysed and used to highlight a number of areas which are of concern to nurses, for example the difficulty which some respondents had with thinking about nursing activity in specific terms, and relating it to individual patients. The role of trade unions in the decision making process preceding, and following, entry to data collection sites is discussed. That lines of communication between the researcher, nurse administrators and trade unions be clarified is one of the recommendations made in this paper. Other recommendations include the proposal that, where possible, research respondents be given an opportunity to make general and specific comment relating to the research in which they are being asked to participate.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1980

Obtaining access to data sources: an exploration of method, problems and possible solutions.

A method, route and problems relating to the gaining of access to research data or respondents is discussed. In seeking permission to gather data from patients and staff in Scottish psychiatric hospitals, using Flanagan's Critical Incident Technique, a number of problems were encountered, viz. (i) the varying admnistrative levels to which the first formal request for entry had to be made; (ii) the varying routes which had to be followed in order to gain permission, and (iii) the time taken to obtain access to data sources. The problems, their possible consequences, and a number of long and short term recommendations are made. If implemented, these may go some way toward minimizing the difficulties associated with gaining access to data sources. The long term recommendations, including improved nurse representation on existing research and ethical committees, are directed to those who shape and influence policies relating to research practice generally. The short term recommendations are directed to the nurse researcher who is seeking access to field sites, with a view to minimizing problems relating to this aspect of planning and carrying out research activity.

Confidentiality↗
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Economics, Nursing↗