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Biomedical subjects

D F Thompson

Publications and source records attributed to D F Thompson.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Superoxide formed from cigarette smoke impairs polymorphonuclear leukocyte active oxygen generation activity.

Reactive free radicals contained in cigarette smoke (CS) and compromised phagocytic antimicrobial activities including those of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe CS-related pulmonary disorders. In CS-exposed buffer solutions, O2-. was the predominant generated reactive oxygen species, as demonstrated by lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence and electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO). When PMNs were incubated in this buffer, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated active oxygen production and coupled O2 consumption were strongly impaired without appreciably affecting PMN viability (1-min exposure inhibited active oxygen production by 75%). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) totally protected and an iron chelator, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DETAPAC), also protected the CS-exposed PMNs, suggesting that generated O2-. was an initiating factor in the impairment and OH. generation was a subsequent injurious factor. Pretreatment of PMNs with antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol and dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) was partially protective. The results suggest that (i) O2-. is probably generated in the upper and lower respiratory tract lining fluid when they come in contact with CS; (ii) such generated O2-. can primarily impair PMN capabilities to generate reactive oxygen species; and (iii) since these effects may contribute to the pathogenesis of CS-related lung diseases, prior supplementation with antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol or DHLA might be successful in preventing these deleterious effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The effect of the number of withdrawals on the sterility of multidose medication vials.

Policy development with regard to the shelf life of multidose medication vials is difficult because of a lack of sufficient data. The purpose of this study was to evaluate one factor that may play a role in the contamination of multidose vials. We evaluated the effect that the number of withdrawals had on the potential contamination of multidose medication vials. Thirty multidose vials of heparin and 30 multidose vials of lidocaine (lignocaine) were used in the study. Ten vials from each group (heparin and lidocaine) were used as controls and were deliberately contaminated with Staphylococcus aereus at various concentrations (10 colony forming units per millilitre (CFU/ml) to 10(8) CFU/ml). The 20 test vials remaining from each group were then subjected to varying rates of 1-ml fluid withdrawal. Five test vials were sampled every 2 h, five were sampled twice per day, five were sampled once per day, and five were sampled every other day. Each sample was incubated in trypticase soy broth (24 h at 37 degrees C) and Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood (48 h at 37 degrees C). No multidose vials became contaminated regardless of the rate of withdrawals. Some of the deliberately contaminated multidose vials became sterile with time. Lightly contaminated vials (10(1)-10(2) CFU/ml) generally cleared within 10-15 h after initial contamination. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Drug Contamination↗
PubMed1992

Drug-induced hair colour changes.

Drug-induced hair colour changes are not a common adverse effect from medications. A wide variety of drugs have been implicated in causing hair colour changes but very few have data to support a true relationship. Of the drugs reported, chloroquine and cancer chemotherapeutic agents have the best evidence to support an association. Other drugs, such as p-aminobenzoic acid, calcium pantothenate, anthralin, chinoform, mephenesin, minoxidil, propofol, valproic acid, and verapamil await confirmatory data. Drug-induced causes should be considered in any patient with unexplained hair colour changes.

4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗
PubMed1992

Taurine: an essential amino acid to prevent cholestasis in neonates?

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence that taurine can prevent cholestasis in neonates. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE and EMBASE searches were conducted to identify both animal and human data regarding taurine's role in bile acid conjugation and liver disease (key terms: taurine, children less than two years old). STUDY SELECTION: Emphasis was placed on human data supplemented by relevant animal data. DATA SYNTHESIS: Taurine appears to more effectively conjugate bile acids than glycine, and the end-products of conjugation are more soluble. Taurine deficiency may increase glyco-conjugates of bile acids and result in cholestasis. Although the cause of neonatal cholestasis probably is multifactorial, there are data indicating that adequate taurine may prevent cholestasis in neonates. CONCLUSIONS: Taurine should be considered an essential amino acid for neonates and should be included in total parenteral nutrition solutions for these patients.

Amino Acids, Essential↗
PubMed1990

Nafarelin acetate: a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist for the treatment of endometriosis.

Nafarelin acetate is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist proven as effective as danazol in treating endometriosis. Its proposed mechanism of action is the desensitization of pituitary GnRH receptors leading to a decrease in gonadotropin release, and ovarian hormone serum concentrations similar to those achieved in postmenopausal women. Nafarelin decreases or ablates the physical symptoms associated with endometriosis, and pregnancy rates following therapy with this drug are comparable to rates observed after danazol therapy. Nafarelin is administered by nasal inhalation and has been generally well tolerated. It is associated with a high incidence of adverse effects but they are rarely severe enough to cause withdrawal from treatment, and those occurring most frequently--hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and decreased libido--are a consequence of the hypoestrogenemia induced by the drug. Increased bone turnover occurs in women on nafarelin but biochemical parameters return to pretreatment concentrations by six months after termination of treatment. This agent's place in the therapy of endometriosis will be determined as clinical experience accumulates.

Danazol↗
PubMed1989

Temperature of refrigerated i.v. fluids and admixtures during infusion.

The effects of infusion rate, drop size, and solution composition on the infusion temperature of i.v. fluids and admixtures that had been stored at refrigerated temperatures were determined. Polyvinyl chloride bags containing 5% dextrose injection, 0.9% sodium chloride injection, cefazolin 20 mg/mL in 5% dextrose injection, or total parenteral nutrient (TPN) solution were removed from the refrigerator after 12 hours and hung from i.v. poles. An administration set was attached to each bag, and the distal end of the administration tubing was placed in a beaker-funnel-flask apparatus that served as a collection vessel for effluent during simulated i.v. infusions. Thermo-couples were inserted into each i.v. bag and positioned under the distal end of each administration set to monitor the temperatures of the solution in the bag and of the effluent. 5% Dextrose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection were studied at two flow rates (125 and 60 mL/hr) using two different administration sets (60-drops/mL microdrip set and 15-drops/mL primary set); the cefazolin admixture and the TPN solution were studied at both flow rates using the primary set only. The temperatures at each probe were measured in triplicate at the start of each infusion and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 25 minutes during the infusion; each infusion was repeated three times. All of the solutions warmed significantly as they passed through the administration sets. Throughout all time intervals, the cefazolin admixtures had the smallest proximal-distal temperature increase, and the TPN solutions had the greatest increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cefazolin↗
PubMed1988

Flucytosine interference with serum creatinine determinations.

A patient receiving intravenous amphotericin B and oral flucytosine was found to have falsely elevated serum creatinine values. Flucytosine has been reported to interfere with serum creatinine determinations when measured by the Kodak Ektachem-700 analyzer but not when the Jaffe reaction is employed. Serum creatinine values were determined by the two methods on six serum samples obtained from this patient at various times throughout her hospitalization. Flucytosine can cause clinically significant false elevations in serum creatinine when measured by the Kodak Ektachem-700 analyzer.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed1988

Fibrin glue: a review of its preparation, efficacy, and adverse effects as a topical hemostat.

Fibrin glue is composed of two separate solutions of fibrinogen and thrombin. When mixed together, these agents mimic the last stages of the clotting cascade to form a fibrin clot. Fibrin glue is available in Europe but is not commercially available in the U.S.; therefore, investigators have extemporaneously compounded their own fibrin glue. Fibrinogen can be obtained from pooled, single-donor, and autologous blood donors and is usually isolated by the process of cryoprecipitation. The thrombin component is generally derived from commercial bovine sources. Some investigators have added calcium chloride and/or antifibrinolytics (i.e., aminocaproic acid, aprotinin) to their preparations. Fibrin glue can be applied using a double-barrel syringe or by spray application. Although fibrin glue has been used in a variety of surgical procedures, it has been especially useful in heparinized patients undergoing cardiovascular procedures requiring extracorporeal circulation, as it does not require an intact hemostatic system to be effective. Fibrin glue also has been evaluated in presealing woven or knitted Dacron vascular grafts. The major drawback to its use is the risk of transmitted serological disease from pooled and single-donor blood donors. The safest preparations use the patient's own blood to prepare fibrin glue. Overall, fibrin glue is a useful adjunct to other methods to control bleeding in selected surgical patients.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1988

Compatibility of verapamil hydrochloride with penicillin admixtures during simulated Y-site injection.

The compatibility of verapamil hydrochloride during simulated Y-site injection with i.v. admixtures containing 11 different penicillins was studied. Admixtures of penicillin G potassium (62.5 mg/mL), nafcillin sodium (40 mg/mL), oxacillin sodium (40 mg/mL), ampicillin sodium (40 mg/mL), carbenicillin disodium (40 mg/mL), methicillin sodium (40 mg/mL), ticarcillin sodium (40 mg/mL), azlocillin sodium (40 mg/mL), mezlocillin sodium (40 mg/mL), piperacillin sodium (40 mg/mL), and amdinocillin (20 mg/mL) were prepared in both 5% dextrose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection in minibags. Verapamil hydrochloride injection 4 mL (10 mg) was then added to each admixture, and the admixtures were examined macroscopically and microscopically for precipitate immediately and at 15 minutes and 24 hours after mixing. To simulate Y-site injection of verapamil, verapamil hydrochloride injection 1 mL (2.5 mg) was added to 1 mL of each penicillin admixture in a test tube. For admixtures in which precipitates formed, the pH was recorded before and after verapamil was added to the admixtures. Loss of verapamil hydrochloride when mixed with the penicillin admixtures was determined using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Addition of verapamil hydrochloride to admixtures containing nafcillin sodium, oxacillin sodium, ampicillin sodium, and mezlocillin sodium resulted in substantial loss of verapamil hydrochloride. The results for the Y-site injection study showed visible precipitation with the same penicillin admixtures. Because a precipitate formed when verapamil hydrochloride was added to nafcillin sodium, oxacillin sodium, ampicillin sodium, or mezlocillin sodium in the diluents studied, we recommended that verapamil hydrochloride be administered separately or that the i.v. tubing be flushed thoroughly before and after this drug is administered through a Y-injection site with these penicillin admixtures.

Drug Combinations↗
PubMed1988

Attitudes of pharmacists and nurses toward interprofessional relations and decentralized pharmaceutical services.

Pharmacists' and nurses' attitudes toward pharmacist-nurse relations and pharmaceutical services were surveyed before and after the implementation of satellite pharmacies at a 600-bed teaching hospital. The same questionnaire was distributed two months before decentralization (phase 1) and nine months after decentralization was completed (phase 2). Sixty questions about the pharmacy services and the drug treatment process were to be answered using a seven-point, Likert-type scale. Overall response rates for the two phases were 62% and 45%, respectively. Pharmacists' satisfaction with all measured aspects of pharmaceutical services increased after decentralization of services; nurses' satisfaction increased for all measures except pharmacist-conducted medication histories. Pharmacists' satisfaction with the nursing department was greater after decentralized services were implemented. Most aspects of role conflict, one of four measured antecedents to interdepartmental conflict, improved subsequent to decentralization of services. Because of changes in personnel between the two phases of the study, the results may represent the opinions of different people, rather than actual changes in satisfaction. The attitudes of nurses and pharmacists toward overall distributive pharmaceutical services and toward certain aspects of interprofessional relations improved after pharmaceutical services were decentralized.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗