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Biomedical subjects

D Graham

Publications and source records attributed to D Graham.

265 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Neutrophil influx measured in nasal lavages of humans exposed to ozone.

Neutrophils (PMNs) obtained by nasal lavage were counted to determine if ozone, an oxidant air pollutant, induces an acute inflammatory response in the upper respiratory tract (URT) of humans. Background data were obtained by the nasal lavages from 200 nonexperimentally exposed subjects. Then, using a known inflammatory agent for the URT, rhinovirus-type 39, the induction, peak, and resolution of an acute inflammatory response was shown to be documented by the nasal lavage PMN counts. To determined if ozone induces this response, 41 subjects were exposed to either filtered air or 0.5 ppm ozone for 4 hr, on 2 consecutive days. Nasal lavages were taken pre-, immediately post each exposure, and 22 hr following the last exposure. Lavage PMN counts increased significantly (p = .005) in the ozone-exposed group, with 3.5-, 6.5-, and 3.9-fold increases over the air-exposed group at the post 1, pre 2, and post 2 time points, respectively. Ozone induces an inflammatory response in the URT of humans, and nasal lavage PMN counts are useful to assay the inflammatory properties of air pollutants.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Encephalitozoon hellem in two eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus): identification from archival tissues.

Members of the phylum Microspora are obligate, intracellular, single-celled parasites identified in a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Only a few cases of microsporidial infections have been documented in psittacine birds including peach-faced, masked, and Fischer's lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis, A. personata, and A. fischeri, respectively), budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), and a double yellow-headed Amazon parrot (Amazona ochrocephala). Parasite identification has typically been limited to phylum or genus, and no avian species of microsporidia has clearly been described. In this report, microsporidia were identified in the kidney and intestine of a new host, the eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus). Parasites were identified as Encephalitozoon hellem using morphologic, ultrastructural, and small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence data obtained from archived tissues. This parasite species was first identified in immunocompromised humans and may be a potential zoonotic pathogen. The epidemiology and prevalence of this parasite in humans and birds should be further explored.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of the obstetrical patient.

Ultrasound has become an important diagnostic tool for management of the obstetrical patient. It is most useful when a pregnancy has shown specific clinical indications, such as diagnosis of multiple pregnancy, assessment of bleeding during pregnancy, and assessment of fetal growth. Recently, ultrasound has been used extensively to diagnose structural anomalies of the fetus. Nurses need to be knowledgeable concerning ultrasound so they can explain the procedure to patients and help allay patients' fears and anxieties.

Amniocentesis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Resection of the sciatic, peroneal, or tibial nerves: assessment of functional status.

BACKGROUND: Lower-extremity tumors are often treated by amputation rather than limb-sparing excision that sacrifices the sciatic nerve or a branch. This study assessed the functional outcome of major nerve sacrifice during limb-sparing resections for lower-extremity soft tissue sarcoma. METHODS: Patients who underwent division of the sciatic, tibial, or peroneal nerve(s) during limb-sparing sarcoma surgery (January 1982 through June 2000) were identified. Eleven surviving patients evaluated their pre- and postoperative functional status by self-administered questionnaire (six sciatic, two tibial, and three peroneal nerve divisions). RESULTS: Eighteen patients (10 male, 8 female; 14-84 years old) had nine primary and nine locally recurrent tumors. Tumors were high (16) or low grade (two). Five patients died of disease and two died of other causes. Median overall survival was 50 months. One of 11 reported increased pain. Eight had new phantom sensations with a median intensity of 4.5 (1 = least; 10 = most). All patients used an ankle brace to walk after a sciatic (four) or peroneal (one) division. Walking ability and distance after surgery was unchanged (nine), improved (one), and worsened (one). Standing improved in 7 of 11 patients. Proprioception in the affected extremity was retained in six. The median postoperative leg functional score was 8 (1 = worst; 10 = best). No patient developed foot ulcers. One patient underwent amputation for recurrence. All patients preferred their status over having an amputation. CONCLUSIONS: Objectively and subjectively, division of the major lower-extremity nerves causes acceptable functional deficits in most patients. Resection of affected sciatic nerve (branches) during limb-sparing tumor surgery is an excellent alternative to amputation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of stable cell lines expressing different subtypes of GABAA receptors.

The experiments reported here were motivated by our interest to express in stably-transfected cells large amounts of recombinant rat GABAA receptors. For this, we developed an original two step selection strategy, in which the first step consisted of transfecting HEK 293 cells with rat GABAA receptor alpha and beta subunits. G 418 resistant colonies isolated at this step were screened for [3H] muscimol binding to select for those that coexpressed alpha- and beta-subunits. The best alpha and beta subunit expressing colony was then supertransfected with a plasmid coding for the gamma rat GABAA receptor subunit and a mutant DHFR gene. After a second round of selection, this time in presence of methotrexate, those colonies that coexpressed ternary alpha beta gamma GABAA receptor combinations were distinguished using [3H] flumazenil as a probe. This strategy was applied to the isolation of 3 GABAA receptor clones, alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2s, alpha 3 beta 2 gamma 2s and alpha 5 beta 3 gamma 2s, that expressed relatively high levels of these proteins. These 3 cell lines exhibited pharmacological and functional properties similar to cells transiently-transfected with equivalent subunit combinations. These cell lines therefore provide attractive models with which to evaluate the intrinsic activity and potency of compounds at recombinant GABAA receptor subtypes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prenatal diagnosis of cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung.

Cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung (CAM) is an uncommon malformation in which normal tissue is replaced by cysts of various sizes. This malformation may be diagnosed prenatally with ultrasound by visualization of cystic masses in the fetal chest, which may occur in association with fetal hydrops. Three cases of fetal hydrops secondary to cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung are described; in one case cystic lesions in the chest were clearly demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Twelve cases of hydronephrosis in utero diagnosed by ultrasonography.

Twelve examples of hydronephrosis in utero, seven of which were bilateral, were seen at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Unexpected findings on sonographic examination were: 1) two cases of transient hydronephrosis of moderate severity, persisting over several examinations, which disappeared spontaneously; 2) only two of six examples of ureteropelvic junction obstruction were detected by palpation by competent neonatologists at the time of delivery; 3) polyhydramnios in association with bilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction was observed in one case and had been reported twice previously (two cases of the prune belly syndrome, however, were associated with oligohydramnios); 4) two examples of a mixed pattern of hydronephrosis and multicystic kidney were seen.

Adult↗