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Biomedical subjects

D H Morris

Publications and source records attributed to D H Morris.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Psyllium-enriched cereals lower blood total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, but not HDL cholesterol, in hypercholesterolemic adults: results of a meta-analysis.

We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the effect of consumption of psyllium-enriched cereal products on blood total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and to estimate the magnitude of the effect among 404 adults with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia (TC of 5.17-7.8 mmol/L) who consumed a low fat diet. Studies of psyllium cereals were identified by a computerized search of MEDLINE and Current Contents and by contacting United States-based food companies involved in psyllium research. Published and unpublished studies were reviewed by one author and considered eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis if they were conducted in humans, were randomized, controlled experiments, and included a control group that ate cereal providing </=3 g soluble fiber/d. Eight published and four unpublished studies, conducted in four countries, met the criteria. Analysis of a linear model was performed, controlling for sex and age. Female subjects were divided into two groups to provide a rough estimate of the effect of menopausal status (premenopausal = <50 y, postmenopausal = >/=50 y) on blood lipids. The meta-analysis showed that subjects who consumed a psyllium cereal had lower TC and LDL-C concentrations [differences of 0.31 mmol/L (5%) and 0.35 mmol/L (9%), respectively] than subjects who ate a control cereal; HDL-C concentrations were unaffected in subjects eating psyllium cereal. There was no effect of sex, age or menopausal status on blood lipids. Results indicate that consuming a psyllium-enriched cereal as part of a low fat diet improves the blood lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic adults over that which can be achieved with a low fat diet alone.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Hypercholesterolemia. Dietary advice for patients regarding meat.

The contribution of beef, pork, lamb, and veal to total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake must be evaluated from a total-diet standpoint. The hidden fats in snack foods and other processed foods contribute significantly to total fat and cholesterol intake. Patients with hypercholesterolemia can include a moderate amount of meat in their cholesterol-lowering diet provided they choose lean cuts of meat, trim visible fat, pay attention to portion size, and use low-fat cooking methods. Substituting skinless chicken or fish for meat may make sense from the standpoint of personal preference and dietary variety but does not confer additional benefits in terms of reducing blood cholesterol levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Fat-free mass is maintained in women following a moderate diet and exercise program.

Weight-loss programs usually result in fat-free mass (FFM) loss along with body-fat (BF) loss. This study examined which combination of diet + exercise would maintain FFM. Forty-four overweight, inactive women completed 20 wk of a randomized intervention: control (C, N = 6), diet only (D, N = 10), diet + cycling (DC, N = 8), diet + resistance training (DR, N = 11), or diet + resistance training + cycling (DRC, N = 9) group. FFM and %BF were determined from hydrostatic weighting. Exercise sessions were attended 3 d.wk-1, with a mean duration of 30 min per session. Caloric intake was reduced 628 kcal.d-1 (+/- 59). Chi squares and ANOVA showed no baseline differences between groups for socioeconomic status, age, body composition, aerobic capacity, or strength. One-way ANOVA of change with Student-Newman Keul multiple range post-hoc tests (P < 0.05) were used to analyze pre to post differences for %BF, body mass (BM), FFM, VO2max, and strength. D, DC, DR, and DRC lost significant BM (-3.7 to -5.4 kg) in comparison with C (+ 1.5 kg). All groups maintained FFM but only DRC significantly lowered %BF (-4.7%) in comparison with C. DRC and DC significantly increased VO2max. Strength 1RM (triceps extension, arm curl, leg extension, chest press) increased significantly for both DR and DRC. Results suggest that moderate levels of caloric restriction, aerobic cycle exercise, and/or resistance training are equally effective in maintaining FFM while encouraging body mass loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Unproven diet therapies in the treatment of the chronic fatigue syndrome.

This report is a review of the unproven diet therapies recommended for individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Diet therapies promoted for the relief of CFS symptoms by the authors of five CSF self-help books were evaluated on the basis of nutritional adequacy and scientific rationale. Unproven diet therapies for patients with CFS include megavitamin/mineral supplements; royal jelly and other dietary supplements; and elimination, avoidance, and rotation diets. Claims that these therapies relieve CFS symptoms and promote recovery are anecdotal and have not been substantiated by clinical research. The yeast-avoidance and sugar-free diets, both promoted to combat Candida albicans overgrowth, are of questionable value in treating patients with CFS. The rotation diet is not balanced and does not meet the current recommended dietary intake levels. Diet strategies that call for the avoidance of food additives, preservatives, sweeteners, and other ingredients are not supported by available evidence and are not practical for patients with CFS. A diet plan for patients with CFS should be based on sound nutritional principles and common sense. Until the results of studies demonstrating the benefits of particular diet therapies in the management of CFS are available, patients with CFS are advised to eat a varied diet selected from among and within the basic food groups to ensure an adequate nutrient intake and to reach and maintain a reasonable body weight.

Diet↗
PubMed1993

Measuring the effect of a worksite-based nutrition intervention on food consumption.

Although current dietary guidelines focus on a combination of specific nutrients and food items, most effective dietary interventions focus on patterns of dietary intake and take into account the relationships among nutritional factors. In a controlled nutrition intervention conducted at 16 workplaces, a self-administered health habits questionnaire (HHQ) including a 67-item version of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was distributed prior to a 15-month intervention and again after it. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to reduce this large set of highly correlated FFQ food items to a smaller set of maximally uncorrelated components (PCs). Of the eight discrete food-based eating patterns targeted in the Treatwell intervention, six were highly correlated ([r[ > or = 0.48) with at least one PC each. This indicates a high level of concordance between a priori intervention targets and actual behavior. Based on log-transformed preintervention FFQ measures, our results showed that a very high proportion (0.55) of the variance in the FFQ data was explained by the PCs. A significantly greater increase in consumption of total vegetables and a larger decrease in dietary intake of ground and processed meats were observed among intervention companies. A comparison PCA conducted on intervention and control companies after the intervention indicated that patterns of intake were very stable over time.

Eating↗
PubMed1993

A work-site nutrition intervention: its effects on the consumption of cancer-related nutrients.

OBJECTIVES: In a work-site nutrition intervention targeting fat and fiber, we examined the intervention's effect on specific nutrients implicated in carcinogenesis, including trace metals, vitamins, and categories of fatty acids. The rationale was based on the association observed in a variety of epidemiologic studies between these nutrients and epithelial cancers. METHODS: Data were taken from eight control companies and five intervention companies that fully implemented the Treatwell intervention. Analyses of variance were used preserving the study's nested design. RESULTS: Significant intervention-related associations were observed for increased total vitamin A and carotene. Marginal intervention effects were observed for relative decreases in the percentage of calories from both saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, a relatively smaller increase in the percentage of calories from polyunsaturated fatty acids, and an increase in the consumption of vitamin B6. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate a broader effect of the intervention than on fat and fiber only. Increased intake of carotene, the single most important of these other nutrients, is plausibly related to a variety of epithelial cancers.

Diet↗
PubMed1993

How to make sure your older patients are getting enough zinc.

Older patients with inadequate dietary habits tend to be at risk for mild to moderate zinc deficiency. Symptoms that can be of particular concern include slow wound healing, increased risk of infection, and a loss of acuity in taste and smell. The diagnosis of zinc deficiency is based on a review of the patient's eating habits; laboratory testing is not generally useful in the clinical setting. Most older adults can achieve an adequate zinc intake by eating a variety of foods each day, including meat, fish, and poultry. Supplementation is appropriate in cases of known or suspected frank zinc deficiency.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Morphological and metrical comparison of San and Central Sotho dentitions from southern Africa.

Comparative morphological and metrical study of San and Central Sotho dentitions indicates that the teeth of the two samples are significantly different from one another. The San dental complex contains traits that add mass to the occlusal surface of microdontic dentitions: moderate low-grade UI1 (13.5%) and UI2 shoveling (24.7%), high Bushman canine (43.1%), fairly low UM2 hypocone reduction (23.3%), high UM2 cusp 5 (55.6%), high LM1 cusp 7 (35.2%), LM1 distal trigonid crest (7.1%), and LM2 deflecting wrinkle (5.3%), lack of reduction of LM1 and LM2 cusp number, in the presence of very low UM1 Carabelli's trait (6.7%) and high LM2 Y-groove (86.3%). Culturally, males occasionally exhibit filed UI1 and females are missing LI1. Conversely, mesodontic Central Sotho dentitions display a more simplified morphology, with the exception of moderately high incidence of UM1 Carabelli's trait (41.0%) and very high LM1 cusp 7 (71.3%). Discriminant analysis of mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters and tooth crown surface area data for the left maxillary teeth supports classification of San dentitions as microdont and Central Sotho dentitions as mesodont. Additionally, metrical analysis indicates that San teeth are more sexually dimorphic than are those of Central Sotho.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Aberrant production of leukotriene C4 by macrophages from autoimmune-prone mice.

Eicosanoids have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In this study, peritoneal macrophages from autoimmune-prone mice were examined for their capacity to produce proinflammatory 5-lipoxygenase metabolites. The results indicate that enhanced production of leukotriene C4 is a common feature of murine autoimmunity and suggest further that aberrations in 5-lipoxygenase activity may play a role in the development of lupus.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Comparative study of the upper molar occlusal table morphology among seven human populations.

Three-dimensional morphology of the occlusal table of the upper first molars was compared in seven racial populations. Materials were moiré contourograms collected by ourselves over 5 years. Intercuspal distances and cuspal heights were comparatively studied in this analysis. When the populations were arranged in the order of these sizes, their arrangements based on intercuspal distances and cuspal heights were quite different from each other. When intercuspal distances were scaled by protocone-paracone distance, the distances connecting distal cusps were significantly smaller in Mongoloids (Japanese and Eskimo) than in Caucasoids (Dutch and Asiatic Indian), which suggests a reduction tendency of distal cusps in Mongoloids. This tendency was intermediate in Negroids and Australoid. Principal coordinate analysis was carried out on the basis of a similarity matrix including both intercuspal distances and cuspal heights. The result suggested that the three-dimensional shape of the occlusal table was distinguishable in four representative racial populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Maxillary molar occlusal polygons in five human samples.

Angular and linear measurements of maxillary first molar occlusal polygons are given for young San (Bushmen), Sotho, Asiatic Indians, Whites, and Papago Indians. Angular and linear measurements are inseparably related. Much greater variation occurs in widths than in lengths. Maximum variation occurs between San and Papago. Papago maxillary first molars are separable from Old World molar samples in two of four angles and eight of 13 indices.

Arizona↗
PubMed1982

Structure of somatomedin-binding protein: alkaline pH-induced dissociation of an acid-stable, 60,000 molecular weight complex into smaller components.

The association of somatomedin (Sm) peptides with their specific serum binding proteins (SmPBs) and the preservation of SmBP integrity are both pH dependent. Acid extracts of human plasma Cohn fraction IV-4 chromatographed at pH 5.0 after incubation with [125I]iodoinsulin-like growth factor I yield predominantly a 60,000 molecular weight complex of specifically bound radiolabeled peptide. Alkaline exposure (pH 8.0) of either the initial acid extract of Cohn fraction IV-4 or the isolated 60,000 molecular weight chromatographic peak shifts the recovery of bound [125I]iodoinsulin-like growth factor I on rechromatography to two smaller complexes of approximately 46,000 and 30,000 molecular weight. These results support the existence of two or more forms of human plasma SmBP that may possess a common 30,000 molecular weight component.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Maxillary first premolar angular differences between North American Indians and non-North American Indians.

A quantitative technique for obtaining angular data on human maxillary first premolar teeth is presented. Measurement indicates that North American Indian buccal cusps are either buccolingually compressed mesially, or expanded distally, or both, when compared with non-Indian teeth. Surprisingly, data on Chinese and Eskimo samples are similar to non-Indian teeth rather than Indian teeth. Similar techniques may be applied to the more complex multicusped molar teeth in order to extract quantitative data from them.

Asian People↗