[Expand health services for the elderly].
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to D H Sipsma.
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Two women aged 88 and 70 and a man aged 90 years had become increasingly confused and short of breath over a period of a few weeks. Blood gas analysis revealed serious hypoxia. For lack of an explanation of the respiratory insufficiency, pulmonary emboli were assumed; this assumption could be confirmed by ventilation perfusion scintigraphy. Parallel with the treatment of the emboli the delirium cleared. Because of restlessness, initial treatment with low molecular weight heparin subcutaneously twice daily was preferred.
We studied the clinical data and the autopsy findings of 88 patients to evaluate the importance of autopsies in Dutch nursing homes. The results of this retrospective analysis showed that 28% of the clinical diagnoses were not confirmed by autopsy. In 40% of the cases the direct cause of death was different from that expected by the clinician. In particulars, pneumonia and congestive heart failure relatively often caused diagnostic problems in a psychogeriatric nursing home. Autopsies appear to be useful to study causes of death, to verify the clinical diagnoses and to evaluate the results of treatment.
First time in 1953 so called chronically ill aged people in The Netherlands, are not only thoroughly examined and treated in a for them specially equipped board in a general hospital (Zonnestraal, Hilversum), but at the same time reactivated with assistance of physio- and ergotherapists and nurses. Only in 1983 clinical geriatrics become officially recognised as a medical specialism. The most important happenings during these thirty years 'Via Dolorosa' are described.
The method of social-geriatric examination is described. This type of examination by an ambulatory team takes place at the patient's home. The examination is firstly directed to the interactions in the human-environmental system. By means of a scheme as an aid the interactions can be analyzed. This analysis, how people are dealing with each other and with need for care and with care, precedes the analysis of the chain of interacting unfavourable conditions of social, mental and physical nature, which are responsible for the disturbance of the balance of the system. This disturbance is signaled by way of the primary health care system to the geriatric examination circuit of which the social-geriatric team functions as first receiver of those signals.
This report shows a good picture od the assessment of psychogeriatric patients. The way in whch the assessmentteam deals with the problem is a good one. In my opinion, however, the approach is still too strongly connected with the view of a psychiatric hospital and shows too little of an own and independant psychogeriatric view. This becomes especially clear in the terminology used, such as geronto-psychiatry and nursinghomes for demented aged. Before being able to judge about the positive results of the described way of psychogeriatric assessment I look forward to a report in which quantitative as well as qualitative data on the assessed patients are carefully analysed.
A description is given of the recommended research topics on Human Services and Delivery Systems for the Aging. Fifteen different fields of research attention are described. It is stated that there is a lack of a frame of reference for the different attention fields. This frame of reference is necessary for a more systematic approach towards the age specific problems and the age specific services, needed to solve those problems. The systematic approach can be found in a three-dimensional scheme in which the fifteen attention fields have their logical place. The recommanded research topics have to be assessed in this frame: 1. Socio-cultural aspects. Culture, religion, ethics, communication, education, recreation, civic participation. 2. Socio-economic aspects. Economic support, employment, legal services, commerce. 3. Physical environment. Physical Environment, nutrition, transportation. 4. Human environment. This aspect is not mentioned in the report. 5. Psychological aspects. 6. Physical aspects. These aspects are not explicitly mentioned in the report, but implicitly in the chapter about Health. Some of the recommendations are also relevant for the situation in the Netherlands. The recommended research on the health care system is critisized, because the items are too complex. For the Netherlands it is more worthwhile to do fundamental research on the age-specific vulnerability in relation to social, psychological and physical aspects. The results of that research can be used for a reconstruction of the whole health care system for the aged.
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