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Biomedical subjects

D Hatsukami

Publications and source records attributed to D Hatsukami.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Effects of nicotine gum on prevalence and severity of withdrawal in female cigarette smokers.

This study examines the extent to which 2 mg nicotine gum reduces the prevalence and severity of cigarette withdrawal signs and symptoms. The sample was comprised of women who were randomly assigned to chew 2 mg nicotine gum (N = 206) or no nicotine gum (N = 211). Signs and symptoms of withdrawal were assessed at days 2, 7, 14, and 28 post-cessation. The results showed a significant effect of 2 mg nicotine compared to no gum at 2 days post-cessation on the prevalence of the following symptoms: anxious/tense, difficulty concentrating, restless, impatient, somatic symptoms, insomnia, increased eating, and drowsiness. There were additional differences between the two groups for the severity of craving for cigarettes, irritable/angry, excessive hunger, and total withdrawal score. Over the course of 28 days post-cessation, significant Group and/or Group x Time interaction effects were found with regard to the severity of signs and symptoms for the following variables: impatient, insomnia, increased eating, irritable, difficulty concentrating, restless, somatic complaints, and total withdrawal score. These results are similar to those obtained from placebo-controlled trials for nicotine gum.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Smokeless tobacco: current status and future directions.

Smokeless tobacco is addicting, can cause physical dependence, and is associated with many health risks. In spite of these concerns over its use, minimal research has been conducted to understand the effects from and factors associated with smokeless tobacco use. Additionally, relatively few studies have examined potentially effective treatments for the smokeless tobacco user. This paper reviews the existing literature in this area and considers future directions for research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A comparison study of antidepressants and structured intensive group psychotherapy in the treatment of bulimia nervosa.

Previous research on the treatment of outpatients with bulimia nervosa has focused on two treatment strategies: (1) drug therapy, primarily using tricyclic antidepressants, and (2) psychotherapy, often employing behavioral and cognitive behavioral techniques. We report here the short-term treatment outcome of a 12-week comparison trial of bulimic outpatients who were randomly assigned to one of four treatment cells: (1) imipramine hydrochloride treatment, (2) placebo treatment, (3) imipramine treatment combined with intensive group psychotherapy, and (4) placebo treatment combined with intensive group psychotherapy. All three active treatment cells resulted in significant reductions in target-eating behaviors and in a significant improvement in mood relative to placebo treatment. However, the results also suggested that the amount of improvement obtained with the intensive group psychotherapy component was superior to that obtained with antidepressant treatment alone. The addition of antidepressant treatment to the intensive group psychotherapy component did not significantly improve outcome over intensive group psychotherapy combined with placebo treatment in terms of eating behavior, but did result in more improvement in the symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A method for delivery of precise doses of smoked cocaine-base to humans.

Despite increasing smoked cocaine-base use, there have been relatively few parametric studies in this area. The major reason for the limited number of studies is the lack of a simple procedure for the administration of precise doses of smoked cocaine-base to human volunteers. This paper describes a new method that allows for the delivery of precise doses of smoked cocaine-base. A complete description of the method and the precision of the administration procedure are presented. Furthermore, a study is described which was undertaken to determine: 1) the reproducibility of peak blood cocaine levels when the same dose of cocaine was given on two separate occasions; and 2) the dose-related effects on smoking topography, biochemical, physiological and subjective measures. Subjects (N = 5) were administered three doses of cocaine-base (10, 20 and 40 mg). Four subjects were given repeated doses of cocaine-base. Subjects were blind to the dose and in most cases randomly assigned to different doses. The results showed: 1) a significant correlation of peak whole blood cocaine concentrations among similar doses within subjects (r = .99); 2) no significant effects of dose on smoking topography; and 3) significant dose effects for whole blood cocaine concentrations, heart rate and systolic blood pressure.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The influence of prior alcohol and drug abuse problems on bulimia nervosa treatment outcome.

This study examined the impact of prior alcohol/drug abuse problems on long-term outcome for a series of women with bulimia nervosa. The patients with a history of alcohol/drug abuse problems were not more likely to demonstrate a pattern drug use following bulimia treatment, and overall their outcome was comparable to the outcome of those patients who had not had alcohol/drug abuse problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Bulimia nervosa with and without a history of overweight.

In a review of the records of 454 patients with bulimia nervosa, 87 (19.2%) reported having a history of weight greater than 130% ideal body weight, although they were normal weight at evaluation. As contrasted to patients who had no history of having been overweight, this group of patients had a later onset of bulimia symptoms, weighed more and were more likely to be very dissatisfied with their current weight and to fear becoming overweight. The eating problems were similar in both groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Bulimia nervosa in overweight individuals.

Patients who have bulimia nervosa and are overweight have received little attention in the medical literature. The authors identified 25 patients who weighed greater than or equal to 130% of their ideal body weight out of a series of 591 patients with bulimia nervosa. This subgroup was contrasted with a sample of 25 patients with bulimia nervosa who were 90% to 110% of their ideal body weight. Members of the overweight bulimia nervosa group were binge-eating and vomiting less frequently than the comparison group but were more likely to be abusing laxatives, and to report a history of self-injurious behavior and suicide attempt(s). Both groups reported frequent binge-eating.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1990

Maintenance treatment and 6-month outcome for bulimic patients who respond to initial treatment.

Bulimic subjects who responded to intensive group psychotherapy plus imipramine or placebo or to imipramine alone (N = 68) were assigned to 4-month maintenance with weekly support groups and/or medication (placebo or imipramine) and were evaluated 6 months after initial treatment (N = 61). Thirty percent of the subjects relapsed during the 6 months. Initial treatment with group psychotherapy plus placebo or imipramine was associated with a lower relapse rate than initial treatment with imipramine alone. Neither attendance at the maintenance group sessions nor imipramine maintenance was associated with better outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The effects of varying cigarette deprivation duration on cognitive and performance tasks.

The effects of varying times of cigarette deprivation on cognitive and performance tasks were examined. This study employed a between-subjects design in which five groups of smokers (9-10 subjects in each group) were compared on a vigilance task and cognitive measures as a function of length of deprivation (0, 2, 4, 8, or 24 hours). Each subject was tested during baseline ad-lib smoking and at one of the deprivation durations. Difference scores were compared between the 0-hour group and the 2-, 4-, 8-, and 24-hour groups. The results showed that there were no significant withdrawal effects on the measures at 2, 4, and 8 hours after cigarette deprivation with the exception of poorer performance on the Trail Making Test (B) at 4 hours, However, there were significant withdrawal effects at 24-hours deprivation. These included increased mean reaction time, increased variability in reaction time, and increased errors of commission on the vigilance task. There were near significant changes at 24-hours deprivation on the Trail Making Test (B) and Symbol Digits Modalities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Response to alternative antidepressants in imipramine nonresponders with bulimia nervosa.

The authors report the results of open-label antidepressant trials in a series of normal weight bulimic women who showed an inadequate response to an initial trial of imipramine hydrochloride as part of a treatment comparison study. The results indicate that a significant percentage of subjects responded to a second trial of an alternative agent. Overall, 47% had a complete remission of symptoms during the second trial, usually with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor or fluoxetine. The authors stress the importance of persisting in trials of alternative agents if bulimic patients fail to respond to an initial trial.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Bulimia with and without a family history of drug abuse.

Patients evaluated in an eating disorders clinic and found to meet DSM-III criteria for bulimia were classified as to the presence or absence of a family history of drug abuse in at least one first-degree relative. Patients with a positive family history of drug abuse (N = 102, 37.1%) did not differ significantly from patients without this history (N = 173, 62.9%) on the variables of age at evaluation and age of onset of eating disorder, or as to their pattern or severity of bulimic behaviors, including binge-eating, self-induced vomiting, and laxative abuse. However, the patients with a family history of drug abuse were more likely to have experienced drug abuse problems themselves, to have been treated for chemical dependency prior to being evaluated for their eating disorder and to have a history of having been overweight. Those in the positive family history group also reported more family disruption.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

High-dose naltrexone therapy and dietary counseling for obesity.

There is considerable evidence that antagonism of the endogenous opioids will suppress food intake in a variety of animal species. The authors report a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the long-acting, orally active narcotic antagonist naltrexone in the promotion of weight loss in obese male subjects who were also undergoing dietary counseling for weight reduction. Subjects received medication (naltrexone, 300 mg/day or placebo) for 8 weeks following an initial 2-week single-blind placebo phase. The results failed to demonstrate an advantage for the active drug. However, the naltrexone was associated with hepatotoxicity when used at this dosage in this population.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Smoking topography in a nonlaboratory environment.

The relationships between the number of cigarettes smoked/day and the number of puffs/cigarette, puff duration, and total puff time/cigarette were studied. Data were collected on 12 regular smokers for all cigarettes smoked over a 3-day period in a nonlaboratory environment. Between-subject variability was substantial on each of the topographical measures. Neither the number of cigarettes smoked per day nor the classification of Heavy (greater than 25 cigarettes/day) vs Moderate (less than 25 cigarettes/day) smoking levels was related to the intensity with which cigarettes were smoked. Within-subject consistency on the topography measures indicates that smokers may have relatively unique smoking patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal.

To test the validity, magnitude, and clinical significance of the signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal defined by DSM-III, both observed and reported signs and symptoms were measured in 50 smokers during two days of ad lib smoking and then during the first four days of abstinence. Observer and subject ratings of the DSM-III symptoms of craving for tobacco, irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and restlessness increased after cessation. In addition, bradycardia, impatience, somatic complaints, insomnia, increased hunger, and increased eating occurred after cessation. The frequency and intensity of these symptoms varied across subjects; however, the average distress from tobacco withdrawal was similar to that observed in psychiatric outpatients. Subjects who had more withdrawal discomfort were more tolerant to the cardiovascular effects of nicotine. Subjects who had more withdrawal discomfort did not have a lower rate of smoking cessation.

Adult↗