Temporal expression of proteoglycans in the rat limb during bone healing.
Proteoglycans found in the bone extracellular matrix and on the cell surface can complex with HBGFs such as the FGFs, TGFs and BMPs which are known to play key roles in regulating fracture healing. Here we have studied the expression of key PGs during the bone repair process in order to determine the relationship between PG expression and healing status. We created non-critical sized trephine defects just proximal to the distal end of the tibial crest of adult male Wistar rats and examined the healing process histologically as well as by monitoring the temporal expression of mRNA transcripts for ALP, OP and OC, together with HSPG, CSPG and FGF-FGF receptor expression. Following surgery, animals were allowed to recover, and then euthanized after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-surgery, at which time tissue was harvested for histological examination and total RNA extracted and the mRNA transcripts examined by quantitative real-time PCR. HS and CSPG expression was generally observed to increase in the days immediately following injury, reaching peak expression two weeks post-surgery. This was followed by a gradual return to basal levels by day 28. The expression patterns of PGs were broadly similar with those of ALP, OP and FGFRs. The increase of mRNA expression for many key PGs detected during bone healing coincided with the elevation of bone markers and FGFRs, and provides further evidence that PGs involved in bone repair act in part through susceptible growth factors, including the FGF/FGFR system. The data presented here indicates that increased proteoglycan expression is involved in the early stages of bone healing at a time when previous studies have shown that the levels of HBGFs are maximal. Hence there exists a rationale for an exploration of the use of exogenous PGs as an adjunct therapy to potentiate the powerful effects of these factors and to augment the natural healing response.