PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

D I McRee

Publications and source records attributed to D I McRee.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Results of a United States and Soviet Union joint project on nervous system effects of microwave radiation.

During the course of a formal program of cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning the biological effects of physical factors in the environment, it was concluded that duplicate projects should be initiated with the general goal of determining the most sensitive and valid test procedures for evaluating the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system. This report details an initial step in this direction. Male rats of the Fischer 344 strain were exposed or sham exposed to 10 mW/cm2 continuous wave microwave radiation at 2.45 GHz for a period of 7 hr. Animals were subjected to behavioral, biochemical, or electrophysiological measurements during and/or immediately after exposure. Behavioral tests used were passive avoidance and activity in an open field. Biochemical measurements were ATPase (Na+, K+; Mg2+, Ca2+) and K+ alkaline phosphatase activities. Electrophysiological measurements consisted of EEG frequency analysis. Neither group observed a significant effect of microwave irradiation on open field activity. Both groups observed changes in variability of the data obtained using the passive avoidance procedure, but not in the same parameters. The U.S. group, but not the USSR group, found significantly less Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the microwave-exposed animals compared to the sham exposed animals. Both groups found incidences of statistically significant effects in the power spectral analysis of EEG frequency, but not at the same frequency. The failure of both groups to substantiate the results of the other reinforces our contention that such duplicate projects are important and necessary.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1988

Some behavioral effects of short-term exposure of rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation.

Rats were tested for neurobehavioral alterations immediately after exposure to 2.45-GHz (CW) microwave radiation at 10 mW/cm2 for 7 h. Behavioral tests used were locomotor activity, startle to an acoustic stimulus and acquisition and retention of a shock-motivated passive avoidance task. Both horizontal and vertical components of locomotor activity were assessed in 5-min epochs for a period of 30 min using photoelectric detectors. Microwave-exposed animals exhibited less activity than sham-exposed animals. This was most evident during the last 10-15 min of the 30-min test session. Twenty identical acoustical stimuli (8 KHz, 110 dB) were delivered to each rat at 40-s intervals. The microwave-exposed animals were less responsive to the stimuli than sham-exposed animals. Microwave exposure had no effect on the retention of a passive avoidance procedure when tested at 1 week after training. Both the locomotor activity and acoustic startle data demonstrate that, under the conditions of this experiment, microwave exposure may alter responsiveness of rats to novel environmental conditions or stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Serum enzymes in hemorrhaged Japanese quail after microwave irradiation during embryogeny.

1. Japanese quail eggs were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave microwave radiation at an incident power density of 5 mW/cm2 and a specific absorption rate of 4.03 mW/g during the first 12 days of embryogeny. 2. After hatching, serum biochemical changes in response to hemorrhagic stress were measured following a hemorrhage of 30% of the calculated total blood volume. 3. Lactate dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, glucose and protein were not affected by microwave irradiation during embryogeny either before or after hemorrhage. 4. Microwave irradiation in ovo affected the response of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity to hemorrhagic stress in Japanese quail.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1988

Plasma corticosterone in hemorrhaged Japanese quail after microwave irradiation in ovo.

1. Sexually immature male and female Japanese quail were divided within each sex into three treatment groups: hemorrhaged by jugular puncture; immobilized for 2 min, but not hemorrhaged (shams); and neither immobilized nor hemorrhaged (controls). 2. Hemorrhage resulted in increased plasma corticosterone levels in both sexes. Corticosterone levels in shams were higher than in controls. 3. In another experiment, Japanese quail eggs were irradiated during incubation with 2.45 GHz CW microwave radiation. Nonirradiated eggs were incubated under identical conditions without irradiation. After hatching, juvenile males and females were hemorrhaged. 4. After hemorrhage, irradiated males had higher plasma corticosterone levels than nonirradiated males. No effect of irradiation on females was found. 5. The results of these two experiments indicate that male quail respond to blood loss with increased adrenocortical activity and that this response is modified in male quail after irradiation with microwaves during embryogeny.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Hematological effects of ethyl methanesulfonate, paraquat and phenylhydrazine in Japanese quail.

1. Juvenile Coturnix coturnix japonica males were injected intravenously with 2, 20 or 200 mg ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)/kg body wt; 0.2, 2 or 20 mg paraquat (PARA)/kg body wt; or 0.6, 6 or 60 mg phenylhydrazine (PHZ)/kg body wt; and hematologic variables were measured at 0 (non-injected), 24 and 72 hr post-injection. 2. EMS, PARA and PHZ-induced hemolytic anemia began within 24 hr post-injection. 3. Recovery from anemia began within 72 hr post-injection of EMS or PARA, but PHZ injected quail continued to show a marked anemia at that time. 4. EMS and PARA induced lymphocytopenia, monocytopenia and heterophilia, while PHZ induced lymphocytosis, monocytopenia and heteropenia after injection. 5. These results suggest that the anemia induced by EMS and PARA was dissimilar from that induced by PHZ, that all chemicals affected leukopoiesis and that Japanese quail can mount a marked recovery from the hematologic affects of PARA, a widely used herbicide, in a short interval after intoxication.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗
PubMed1987

Reproduction of Japanese quail after microwave irradiation (2.45 GHz CW) during embryogeny.

Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) embryos were irradiated continuously in ovo with 2.45-GHz continuous wave radiation during the first 12 days of embryogenesis at an incident power of 5 mW/cm2 and a specific absorption rate of 4.03 mW/g. The internal temperature of irradiated and nonirradiated (sham) eggs was 37.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C, which is the optimum temperature for incubating quail eggs. At 35 days after hatching irradiated and sham-irradiated males were paired with irradiated or sham-irradiated females and daily records of reproductive performance were collected through 224 days of age. Progeny were hatched from each of the male-female pairs, and progeny reproductive performance was measured from 35 through 168 days of age. Hatchability was not affected by irradiation during embryogeny. Mortality after hatching, egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability of eggs produced, and reproductive performance of the progeny were not affected by irradiation during embryogeny. These observations indicate that irradiation of quail embryos with low-level microwave radiation does not affect the reproductive capacity of the hatchlings or of progeny produced from quail irradiated during incubation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Leukocyte numbers in hemorrhaged Japanese quail after microwave irradiation in ovo.

1. Coturnix coturnix japonica eggs were exposed to 2.45-GHz continuous wave microwave radiation at an incident power density of 5 mW/cm2 (and a specific rate of 4 mW/g) during the first 12 days of embryogeny. After hatching, hematological changes in response to an acute hemorrhage were measured in exposed and nonexposed (control) juveniles of both sexes. 2. Exposure did not affect erythroid cell numbers either before or after hemorrhage. 3. Exposure affected the recovery of lymphocyte and heterophil numbers after hemorrhage, but the effect was sex-limited. 4. These data indicate that microwave irradiation during embryogeny in ovo affects the ability of Japanese quail to recover from an acute and voluminous hemorrhage and that these radiation effects are sex-limited and consistent with a previous report.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Hematological response of hemorrhaged Japanese quail after blood volume replacement with saline.

1. Hematological responses to hemorrhage by phlebotomy with and without replacement of blood volume with saline were measured in juvenile and adult male Coturnix coturnix japonica. 2. Recovery of total peripheral erythrocyte numbers and total peripheral leukocyte numbers occurred within 72 hr postphlebotomy in both treatment groups. 3. Saline replacement of blood volume following hemorrhage increased the total numbers and differential percentages of circulating reticulocytes at 72 hr postphlebotomy above the reticulocyte values of phlebotomized quail receiving no saline in both adult and juvenile Japanese quail.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Blood volume recovery in hemorrhaged Japanese quail.

1. Blood volume and plasma biochemical changes and feed and water consumption in response to a hemorrhage by phlebotomy of 30% of the calculated total blood volume with and without replacement of blood volume with physiological saline were determined in juvenile male Coturnix coturnix japonica. 2. Plasma protein and osmolality decreased rapidly posthemorrhage and did not recover by 72 hr posthemorrhage. 3. Plasma glucose, Na+ and K+ increased within 1 hr postphlebotomy. Plasma Na+ returned to nonphlebotomized levels within 6 hr postphlebotomy. 4. Saline replacement of blood volume resulted in hypervolemia within 3-5 min postphlebotomy. 5. Phlebotomized quail receiving no saline recovered blood volume to 0 hr (nonphlebotomized) levels within 1 hr postphlebotomy.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Leukocyte numbers during the humoral and cell-mediated immune response of Japanese quail after microwave irradiation in ovo.

1. Coturnix coturnix japonica eggs were exposed to 2.45-GHz continuous wave microwave radiation at an incident power density of 5 mW/cm2 (SAR = 4 mW/g) during the first 12 days of embryogeny. After hatching, leukocyte differential changes were measured in response to an injection with Alectoris graeca chukar red blood cells (CRBC) and in response to a phytohemagglutinin (PHA) injection in irradiated and nonirradiated (sham) quail of both sexes. 2. Microwave irradiation did not affect anti-CRBC hemagglutinin titers, PHA-evoked dermal swelling or leukocyte numbers and percentages. 3. In both the irradiated and sham irradiated males, lymphocyte percentages decreased while heterophil percentages increased after CRBC or PHA injection. 4. In ovo irradiation with microwaves did not alter the time course of either a humoral immune response or a cell-mediated immune response in Japanese quail.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Hematology of Japanese quail selected for high or low serum corticosterone responses to complex stressors.

Blood was collected from random-bred male Coturnix coturnix japonica and from quail selected genetically for high or low serum corticosterone responses to complex stressors after chronic exposure to short daily photoperiods and after exposure to long photoperiods. When compared to the low response quail, high response quail exhibited increased mean cellular hemoglobin values, reticulocyte numbers and heterophil percentages, and decreased monocyte and eosinophil numbers after exposure to long photoperiods. The data indicate that these corticosterone response lines can be partitioned by their hematological responses to photoperiodic manipulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Reticulocyte numbers in Japanese quail chicks.

Erythrocyte parameters in Coturnix coturnix japonica were evaluated daily during the first 2 weeks after hatching. Nadirs in total circulating erythrocyte numbers, hematocrit percentages, and hemoglobin concentrations were found during the first 5 days posthatch. Reticulocytosis from 4 to 9 days posthatch ameliorated these nadirs until 12 days posthatch, when secondary nadirs appeared. Erythropoiesis was indicated by reticulocytosis when hemoglobin levels decreased. Reticulocyte maturation was indicated from 3 to 6 days after the onset of erythropoiesis by the predominance of mature erythrocytes in circulation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Effects on energy absorption of orientation and size of animals exposed to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation.

Rat cadavers oriented perpendicularly to the electric field (parallel to the magnetic field) were exposed to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation. The weight of the cadavers ranged from approximately 5 to 320 g and their lengths ranged from approximately 5 to 22 cm. Average, whole-body specific absorption rates (SAR) were measured using calorimetric techniques, and local specific absorption rates were obtained from time-temperature profiles measured with a non-interacting thermistor probe. The average, whole-body SAR decreased gradually from 0.58 mW g-1 per mW cm-2 at 40 g (10.1 cm in length) to 0.38 mW g-1 per mW cm-2 at 320 g (22 cm in length). The average whole-body SAR decreased from 0.81 to 0.34 mW g-1 per mW cm-2 for cadavers ranging in weight from 5 g (5 cm in length) to 30 g, respectively. The local SAR in the brains decreased from approximately 0.95 mW g-1 per mW cm-2 at 40 g to 0.54 mW g-1 per mW cm-2 at 320 g. Between 5 g and 30 g the SARs in the brain varied from 0.52 to 1.11 mW g-1 per mW cm-2. The local SAR in the colon ranged from 1.05 mW g-1 per mW cm-2 to 0.24 mW g-1 per mW cm-2 for weights between 40 and 320 g. In the 5 to 30 g range, the SAR varied from 0.48 to 1.23 mW g-1 per mW cm-2. A comparison of these results with data previously reported for animals oriented parallel to the E-field showed that the average whole-body SARs were larger for animals weighing greater than 40 g when oriented perpendicularly to the E-field. The local SARs in the colon and brain were slightly higher for the parallel orientation in animals weighing greater than 40 g. The average, whole-body and local SARs were significantly higher for the parallel orientation for animals weighing less than 40 g.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Egg production in four generations of paired Japanese quail.

Four generations of Japanese quail were hatched in succession starting with the progeny of an Athens Randombred quail colony. In each generation quail were maintained in cages as male-female pairs. The photoperiod was 16 hr of light per day with feed and water available ad libitum. From 6 to 20 weeks of age mortality, egg production, fertility, hatchability, and progeny livability were improved over previously published reports of reproduction in colony cages. Mortality decreased while age at 50% hen-day production, total number of eggs produced, and hatchability increased from the 1st to the 4th generation. This information may be of interest to researchers and commercial producers of Japanese quail.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Influence of pre- and postnatal exposure of rats to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation on neurobehavioral function.

Rats exposed to microwaves prenatally (2,450 MHz, 10 mW/cm2, 3 h/day, days 5-20 of gestation) or perinatally (same as above plus days 2-20 postnatally) were examined by a neurobehavioral test battery on postnatal days 30 and 100. Body mass, locomotor activity, startle to acoustic and air-puff stimuli, fore- and hindlimb grip strength, negative geotaxis, reaction to thermal stimulation, and swimming endurance were assessed. The prenatally and the perinatally exposed rats (male and female) weighted more than sham-exposed rats at 30, but not at 100, days of age. In addition, the perinatally exposed animals had less swimming endurance at 30, but not at 100, days of age relative to sham-exposed rats. For the other measures, only the air-puff startle response was altered and was limited to the prenatally exposed female pups; ie, at postnatal day 30, the startle response was increased in magnitude, and at postnatal day 100, the response was decreased. No other reliable effects were observed. In a second experiment, rats treated as described above were examined for alterations in body mass, locomotor activity, reaction to air-puff stimuli, reaction to thermal stimulation, and swimming endurance at postnatal days 30-36. Again, perinatally exposed rats were larger in body mass and had less swimming endurance compared with sham-exposed rats. The latency to the air-puff startle response was longer in female pups exposed prenatally. These data indicate that altered endurance and gross motor activity result from perinatal exposure to microwave irradiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Cardiovascular, hematologic, and biochemical effects of acute ventral exposure of conscious rats to 2450-MHz (CW) microwave radiation.

In this study the influence of acute (6 hr) exposure to 2450 MHz (CW) microwave radiation on certain cardiovascular, biochemical, and hematologic indices was examined in unanesthetized rats. Under methoxyflurane anesthesia, a catheter was inserted into the right femoral artery, which was used for monitoring blood pressure, heart rate, and blood sampling. Colonic temperature was monitored via a VITEK thermistor probe inserted rectally to a depth of 5 cm. The rat was subsequently placed into a ventilated restraining cage which was located inside an anechoic chamber. The temperature and humidity in the chamber were maintained at 22 +/- 0.5 degrees C and 60 +/- 5% (means +/- S.E.), respectively, during the experimental period. Rats (60) were exposed to either 0 (sham) or 10 mW/cm2 (exposed) for 6 hr. During exposure rats were oriented perpendicular to the E-field, and the measured specific absorption rate (SAR) was 3.7 mW/g. In the sham and exposed rats, the preexposure (time 0) mean +/- S.E. arterial blood pressure (MABP), heart rate, and colonic temperature were approximately 120 +/- 5 mmHg, 450 +/- 10 beats/min, and 37.0 +/- 0.2 degrees C, respectively. In the sham-exposed rats these values remained stable throughout the 6-hr exposure period. In the exposed rats, no effects were noted on MABP or colonic temperature; however after 1 hr of exposure, a significant reduction in heart rate was noted (450 versus 400 beats/min). This decrease in heart rate persisted throughout the remainder of the exposure period. None of the hematologic or biochemical parameters examined were affected by the microwave exposure. Although other mechanisms may be responsible, this decrease in heart rate may have been due to subtle cardiovascular adjustments because of microwave-induced heating with a resultant reduction in resting metabolic rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Response of Japanese quail to hemorrhagic stress after exposure to microwave radiation during embryogeny.

Coturnix coturnix japonica eggs were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave microwave radiation at an incident power density of 5 mW/cm2 (SAR = 4 mW/g) during the first 12 days of embryogeny. After hatching, hematologic changes in response to an acute hemorrhage were measured in exposed and nonexposed (control) juveniles and adults of both sexes. Reticulocyte numbers and percentages were depressed below control numbers at 24 hr postphlebotomy in exposed adult females. Lymphocyte numbers were depressed below control levels at 24 hr postphlebotomy in exposed juvenile and adult males. At 72 hr heterophil numbers were depressed in exposed juvenile and adult males. These data suggest that microwave irradiation during embryogeny affects the ability of Japanese quail to recover from an acute and voluminous hemorrhage and that these radiation effects are small.

Aging↗