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Biomedical subjects

D J Meagher

Publications and source records attributed to D J Meagher.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

The origin and course of schizophrenia: implications for clinical practice.

The authors first review current evidence concerning abnormalities of brain structure and function in schizophrenia and interpret them within a "network" pathophysiological model of the disorder. This information is then placed within a contemporary neurodevelopmental framework that "roots" the illness in adverse events during early pregnancy, which result in a developmentally compromised nervous system. They then consider the controversy as to whether the subsequent expression of psychosis reflects an active morbid process and, in a more general sense, whether the disorder is characterized by subsequent progression and clinical deterioration. The authors argue that the developmental and progressive models should not be considered in an either-or manner, since this perspective is not logical and favors nihilistic approaches to intervention and treatment, but rather should be integrated within a lifetime trajectory model. Finally, implications for current psychiatric practice are considered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Relationship between symptoms and motoric subtype of delirium.

For 46 patients with delirium who were consecutive referrals to a consultation-liaison psychiatry service, the authors describe the relationships between symptoms, as rated on the Delirium Rating Scale, and delirium motoric subtypes, as defined by Liptzin and Levkoff's criteria. Most cases were of the mixed subtype (46%), 24% were hypoactive, and 30% were hyperactive. Overall scores differed significantly among motoric subtype groups, being highest in the hyperactive, lowest in the hypoactive, and intermediate in the mixed. On item scores, the hypoactive group scored lower than the hyperactive group for delusions, mood lability, sleep-wake cycle disturbances, and variability of symptoms, but lower than the mixed group only for mood lability. The results suggest that delirium presents as motoric subtypes that differ according to symptom profile and severity of delirium. These subtypes may differ in their underlying pathophysiologies, responsiveness to therapeutic interventions, and outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Motoric subtypes of delirium.

Delirium is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with wide ranging symptoms and significant morbid impact. Disturbances of motor behavior are an important feature of delirium and form the basis for the most commonly studied clinical subtype. This article reviews the relevance of motoric disturbance to delirium phenomenology and discusses possible neurobiological causes for different presentations of motor behavior in delirium. Evidence is presented to support the usefulness of using motorically defined subtypes based on identified differences according to underlying origins, pathophysiologies, responsiveness to therapy and natural course. Methodological issues relating to motoric subtype studies are addressed and suggestions for future research are made.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Relationship between etiology and phenomenologic profile in delirium.

This study describes the symptom profile of 46 patients with delirium seen as consecutive referrals to a consultation-liaison psychiatry service. The relationship between symptoms rated on the Delirium Rating Scale (DRS) and delirium subtypes defined according to three putative etiologic groups are described. The relationship between etiologic groups and motoric subtype of the delirium episode is also described. Drug-related cases had the highest total DRS score and higher scores than the anticholinergic group for perceptual changes, delusions, psychomotor disturbance, and mood lability. Drug-related cases had higher scores than both the anticholinergic and infectious/electrolyte group for changes in sleep-wake cycle and fluctuation of symptoms. Those from the anticholinergic etiologic group were more likely to fit the hypoactive motoric subtype. Although our findings are tentative, etiologic categories may present with different symptom profiles, which may be associated with differing treatment responsiveness and course.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Delirium phenomenology illuminates pathophysiology, management, and course.

The phenomenology of delirium has received little standardized longitudinal study but offers the prospect of valuable insights regarding clinical subtypes, differentiation from other neuropsychiatric disorders, identification of underlying pathophysiologies, management, and course. This review examines current approaches to the investigation of delirium phenomenology and how the findings to date illuminate our understanding of delirium. It concludes with recommendations for future investigations.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

The use of aliases by psychiatric patients.

We investigated the incidence and clinical characteristics associated with the use of aliases within a population attending a psychiatric unit over a 12-year period. The use of aliases was uncommonly recognised (0.7%). Alias users tended to be young. Many were non-nationals (43%). Identification usually occurred early in the admission and was often by self-admission (37%). A broad range of underlying diagnoses were noted with schizophrenia (31%) and factitious disorder (22%) most common. A previous psychiatric (85%) or forensic history (30%) was frequently noted. Recurrence was noted in one third of cases and was significantly associated with a diagnosis of factitious disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The use of environmental strategies and psychotropic medication in the management of delirium.

BACKGROUND: This paper examines the pattern and frequency of implementation of environmental strategies and the use of psychotropic medication in the management of patients with delirium in an acute hospital setting. METHOD: The study involved 46 consecutive referrals to a consultation psychiatry service each of whom met ICD-10 criteria for delirium. Patients were subdivided into hyperactive, hypoactive and mixed subtypes of delirium and assessed regarding severity of delirium, the use of psychotropic medication prior to consultation and the implementation of environmental measures in their management. RESULTS: Mean age was 60.1 years. Thirty per cent of patients were of the hyperactive subtype, 24% hypoactive and 46% mixed. Psychotropic medication was given to 56.5% prior to consultation and this is significantly associated with severity of delirium and in particular, with hyperactive delirium subtype. Of eight environmental strategies only four were instituted in over 50% of the patients prior to consultation. The application of these strategies was associated with overall severity of delirium, agitation, mood lability and sleep-wake cycle disturbance. It was not significantly associated with severity of disorientation or with disturbed perception/thinking. CONCLUSION: Simple environmental strategies such as limiting changes in staff, minimising noise levels and involving relatives in re-orientation are frequently overlooked in the management of patients with delirium. Our study suggests that the implementation of environmental strategies occurs primarily in responses to behavioural challenges rather than to limit the core features of delirium.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Three-dimensional interactive analysis of craniofacial and spinal computed tomography.

Three-dimensional interactive display of CT data from 23 cases of craniofacial and spinal pathology using a solids processing computer system was compared with conventional two-dimensional CT display. Three-dimensional display gave a more complete perspective of complex displacement patterns of facial and spinal fractures, and more clearly defined surface anatomy of osseous tumors and malformations. In 7 cases however, processing algorithms for three-dimensional display caused subtle anatomic features and non-displaced fractures to be obscured. These false negatives were clinically significant in cases of petrous bone pathology and in non-displaced spinal fractures that affected stability.

Head and Neck Neoplasms↗
PubMed1985

Altered androstenedione and estrone dynamics associated with abnormal hormonal profiles in amenorrheic subjects with weight loss or obesity.

The present study was designed for exploration of hormonal disturbances underlying common forms of amenorrhea. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) patients and obese amenorrheic subjects had significantly elevated estrone (E1) levels, elevated luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratios, and an exaggerated luteinizing hormone response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. However, androstenedione (delta 4A), the precursor of E1, was elevated only in PCO. Thus, the E1/delta 4A ratio, which provides an indirect index of aromatase activity in extraglandular sites, was raised in obese subjects as a group but not in PCO subjects. These findings suggest that elevated E1 levels, which give rise to abnormal gonadotropin secretion, arise from increased available androgens in PCO but from an increased effect of aromatase (present in adipose tissue) in obese subjects. Measurement of androgens and the E1/delta 4A ratio provides insights into the relative contributions of hyperandrogenemia and enhanced aromatase activity to the genesis of amenorrhea in these groups. In patients with suppressed estradiol levels associated with hyperprolactinemia or weight loss, follicle-stimulating hormone levels were suppressed, while luteinizing hormone was not elevated. Prolactin excess explains these findings in hyperprolactinemia. Plasma E1 levels and the E1/delta 4A ratio were suppressed in patients with weight loss, possibly as a consequence of reduced adiposity. This finding suggests that hypothesis that a minimum level of E1, dependent upon adequate adiposity, is critical for the normal mature function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Abnormal E1/delta 4A ratios, high in obesity-associated amenorrhea and suppressed in weight loss-associated amenorrhea, may provide specific markers for these groups of patients.

Adolescent↗