PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

D K Routh

Publications and source records attributed to D K Routh.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

The field of clinical psychology: a response to Thorne.

This article begins with a retrospective review of the editorial written in 1945 by Frederick C. Thorne at the inauguration of his new publication, the Journal of Clinical Psychology. It first considers the predictions made by Thorne about the future of clinical psychology and which of these turned out to be accurate, partially accurate, or inaccurate. At the time, the editorial caused its author to be accused of anti-Semitism and thus got the journal off to a rather bad start, from which it may have recovered only recently. The article then moves on to consider the past, present, and future of the field of clinical psychology from a contemporary vantage-point.

Education, Graduate↗
PubMed1997

The Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology at 25.

This issue, redesigned in a new format, marks the beginning of Volume 25, the beginning of the "silver anniversary" year of the Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. Data were compiled from the first 24 volumes to study changes over time, and Pearson correlations were calculated to determine linear trends in the journal's development. The number of articles per volume has doubled, from about 25 to 50. In recent years the first authors of articles were more likely to be located outside the U.S. (up from about 5% to about 25%). Also, in recent years the first authors of articles were less likely to be affiliated with nonmedical school university departments and more likely to be affiliated with medical schools or research institutes. An introduction to this special 25th anniversary issue is provided.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Family support decreases influence of deviant peers on Hispanic adolescents' substance use.

Investigated the interplay of family support and peer modeling on adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use and gang involvement within an ecosystemic model. The predominantly Hispanic sample of 236 eighth-grade students attended a public middle school in a high-density, impoverished Miami neighborhood, characterized by high rates of criminal activity, substance abuse, and other stressors, placing the adolescents at risk for negative developmental outcomes. The participants reported the level of perceived social support they received from family members and rates of drug use and gang, involvement for themselves and for peers. The results showed that family social support reduced the influence of deviant peers on some of the problem behaviors reported by these adolescents, specifically tobacco and marijuana use. Deviant peer modeling was strongly associated with levels of adolescent problem behavior for tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use and gang involvement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Interpersonal distance and coping in children with HIV and cancer.

We compared interpersonal distance and coping among two groups of pre-school pediatric patients diagnosed with either HIV or cancer and a third group of healthy children. In comparison to the children with cancer, children with HIV indicated greater mother-child interpersonal distance--a finding that correlated with mothers' reports of social withdrawal. Other notable findings included increased father-child distance in the HIV population and mother-child discrepancies of perceived interpersonal distance. In addition, seven of the children with HIV indicated that the adults turn away--a finding that correlated with the children's knowledge of their illness. We also explored the possible role of protective communication in the pediatric HIV population.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Coping and communication among parents and children with human immunodeficiency virus and cancer.

Coping strategies and communication of three groups of 20 preschool children and their parents were compared. One group was composed of children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who displayed clinical symptoms of the disease; the second group was composed of children diagnosed with cancer; and the third group was composed of healthy children. Results indicated that the parents of children with life-threatening illnesses reported greater degrees of wishful thinking than did control subjects. Furthermore, parents of children with HIV reported more wishful thinking than did parents of children with cancer. Finally, significantly more children with cancer were aware of their diagnosis than were children with HIV. The findings in this study suggest coping and communication difficulties for parents and children with HIV.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Enhanced parenting knowledge and skills in mothers of preschool children with sickle cell disease.

Compared 25 preschool children with sickle cell disease (SCD) to demographically matched healthy comparison children on maternal reports of child-rearing beliefs and practices and maternal and child behaviors related to social adjustment. Mothers of children with SCD possessed significantly more knowledge of appropriate discipline techniques. The groups did not differ on maternal reports of socially relevant child behavior. However, when mother-child interactions were observed in free play and structured play settings, mothers of children with SCD treated their children as competent significantly more, and treated their children as incompetent significantly less, than comparison mothers. Mothers of children with SCD also used significantly more reinforcement during the final toy pick-up condition. There were no observed differences between groups in the children's behavior.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗
PubMed1993

Effects of maternal distraction versus reassurance on children's reactions to injections.

Manipulated experimentally mothers' verbal behavior during a routine intramuscular injection in order to help clarify the role of nonprocedural talk (distraction) and parental reassurance on children's reaction to the injection. 42 child-mother dyads were recruited from a general pediatric primary care clinic and were randomly assigned to a parental reassurance, parental nonprocedural talk (distraction) or minimal-treatment control group. Children in the maternal distraction condition exhibited significantly less distress during the immunization injection than those in the reassurance and control conditions. Specifically, children in the maternal distraction group exhibited less crying than children in the other two groups. Children in the reassurance and control groups did not differ from each other in terms of behavioral distress. The present findings serve further to bolster the evidence for the efficacy of maternal distraction as a way to ameliorate child distress during invasive medical procedures.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Differential medication of child versus adult postoperative patients: the effect of nurses' assumptions.

We examined nurses' assumptions concerning children and analgesia that have been hypothesized to explain the differential medication of postoperative child and adult patients. One hundred fourteen nurses from various pediatric and adult inpatient units of a large, urban teaching hospital were included in the study. A questionnaire consisting of four vignettes describing two hypothetical postoperative situations involving a child and adult patient, questions concerning choice of analgesic and assessment of pain for the hypothetical patients, and questions concerning the nurses' assumptions about children and analgesia was distributed to each nurse. The findings illustrate a pattern of differential medication of hypothetical child relative to hypothetical adult postoperative patients. The belief that children feel less pain than adults and concern about respiratory depression were associated with nurses' analgesia decisions.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Ethnic differences in parenting children in fearful situations.

Administered Zabin and Melamed's (1980) Child Development Questionnaire in their native languages to 20 Haitian, 20 Hispanic, 20 black American, and 20 white American mothers in a public hospital setting to inquire how they dealt with their children in various fearful situations. The white Americans were significantly more likely than black Americans or Haitians to report use of modeling and reassurance, whereas Haitians were less likely than the other groups to report use of these methods. Conversely, the Haitians were more likely than some of the other groups to report use of force in these situations. There were no significant differences in the groups' reported use of positive reinforcement or in reinforcement of dependency once two culturally inappropriate items were removed. The reported differences, especially those involving Haitians, were interpreted as reflecting historical and cultural trends.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Phonological awareness tasks as predictors of decoding ability: beyond segmentation.

The performance of 38 male third- and fourth-grade reading disabled/poor decoders and above-average readers/good decoders was compared on a series of six measures of phonological awareness, including tasks that required the ability to segment, blend, and manipulate phonemes. Performance on these tasks was also correlated with phonetic decoding of pseudowords. Significant but varying intercorrelations were obtained among tasks in both groups. For the poor decoders, deletion was the most highly correlated with the other tasks. However, all good decoders performed at ceiling level on this task. For the poor decoders, deletion was significantly correlated with phonetic decoding (r = .74 and r = .78 for timed and untimed decoding measures, respectively). While all good decoders had good phonological awareness, not all those with good phonological awareness were good decoders. The results suggest that tasks that require blending and manipulation of phonemes, in addition to segmentation, may predict decoding ability best.

Awareness↗
PubMed1989

Effects of parent presence on children's reactions to injections: behavioral, physiological, and subjective aspects.

Observed 47 children ranging in age from 13 months to 7 years 9 months receiving injections as part of a regular visit to a pediatric clinic. Twenty-three children were randomly assigned to a condition with parent (mainly mothers) present and 24 to a condition with parent absent. During the medical procedure, the child's reactions were observed via videotape (for later behavioral coding) and physiological recording (to measure heart rates). Following the injection, data were collected on the child's preference of condition (either parent present or parent absent) for future injections. Older children (but not younger ones) showed significantly more behavioral distress when the parent was present. However, the oldest children's preference of condition for future injections was overwhelmingly that of parent present (86%).

Arousal↗
PubMed1988

Serial position memory of boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Ten male patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and 10 age-matched controls were tested with the WISC-R and a memory test requiring recall of the serial positions of drawings of easily named objects. After statistically controlling for differences in IQ, the two groups did not differ in their ability to recall the most recently presented items. However, the DMD patients were severely impaired in remembering items presented early in the list. The DMD patients also performed poorly on the WISC-R subtests Digit Span and Arithmetic. This pattern of impairment is discussed in terms of possible verbal mediation and attentional deficits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Response cost, reinforcement, and children's Porteus Maze qualitative performance.

Sixty fourth-grade children were given two different series of the Porteus Maze Test. The first series was given as a baseline, and the second series was administered under one of four different experimental conditions: control, response cost, positive reinforcement, or negative verbal feedback. Response cost and positive reinforcement, but not negative verbal feedback, led to significant decreases in the number of all types of qualitative errors in relation to the control group. The reduction of nontargeted as well as targeted errors provides evidence for the generalized effects of response cost and positive reinforcement.

Child↗