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Biomedical subjects

D L Ingram

Publications and source records attributed to D L Ingram.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Increase in plasma concentrations of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and thyroxine after a meal, and its dependence on energy intake.

Plasma concentrations of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were measured before, during and for between 2 and 6 hr following a meal, in young growing piglets. T3 increased after a meal and reached a peak at approximately 60 min. The magnitude of the rise was dependent on both the energy content and nutrient composition of the meal. In animals given either a high or low energy intake baseline values of T3 were similar, whereas there was a difference in the response to a meal (P less than 0.01). Average increases in hormone concentration were 120% (P less than 0.001) and 50% (P less than 0.05) on the high and low intakes respectively. Plasma T4 also increased in those on high intake (P less than 0.025), but no change was detected when the intake was low. The response of T3 to a meal high in either glucose, sucrose, fat or protein was statistically significant except for the protein meal. The rise in T4 after each of these four meals was less consistent, although it did increase significantly after meals high in sucrose or fat. Amongst several possibilities, these results suggest that a meal may induce an increase in secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

An investigation into some cerebral mechanisms involved in schedule-induced drinking in the pig.

When pigs were fed small amounts at regular short intervals (5-10 min), drinking followed each ingestion. This resulted in a greatly increased total water intake (schedule-induced polydipsia: s.i.p.). Injection of angiotensin II into the lateral cerebral ventricle of water-replete pigs on normal feeding also produced a significant increase in water intake. Prior administration of the angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin, attenuated the dipsogenic effect of angiotensin II, but did not modify s.i.p. The tranquilizing drug, azaperone, had no effect on normal water intake and did not modify the response to angiotensin II. However, azaperone reduced the water intake of animals on scheduled feeding. From this, it was concluded that the increased drinking due to scheduled feeding did not involve the renin-angiotensin system but it is tentatively suggested that it may involve central dopaminergic neuronal systems.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1983

Thyroid hormone metabolism after acclimatization to warm or cold temperature under conditions of high or low energy intake.

The separate effects of ambient temperature and energy intake on the metabolism of thyroid hormones in the young pig have been investigated. Piglets were kept singly from 4 weeks of age at 10 or 35 degrees C on a high (H), or low (L) energy intake, such that H = 2L. At the tenth week of age blood samples were taken 16-21 h after the last meal for the determination of plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). At the end of the tenth week of age the fractional disappearance rate (K) of T4 was determined and finally the K value for T3 was estimated. Plasma concentrations of T4 and T3 were greater in animals on a high intake than in those on a low intake, (P less than 0.02), but the temperature at which the animals lived had no significant effect. The values of K for T4 and T3 were greater at 10 than at 35 degrees C (P less than 0.010 and P less than 0.05), and energy intake had no significant effect. Calculations of the catabolic rates in nmol/kg X h revealed that for T4 the rate was greater at 10 than at 35 degrees C (P less than 0.001) and on a high than on a low intake (P less than 0.01). Similar differences were found between the mean values of T3 with respect to both temperature and energy intake, but the variance was large and they did not reach statistical significance. It is concluded that the metabolism of thyroid hormones is influenced independently by both ambient temperature and energy intake.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1983

Modification by diet and environmental temperature of enterocyte function in piglet intestine.

Intestinal morphology, enterocyte life span and alanine transport have been studied in the small intestine of piglets fed different amounts of food at high and low environmental temperatures. Villus height and crypt depth were both greater in pigs maintained on a high energy intake. Environmental temperature produced negligible effects on intestinal structure. Enterocyte life span increased from 45 h in pigs kept at 35 degrees C to about 70 h in animals living at 10 degrees C. A low energy intake prolonged enterocyte life span at an environmental temperature of 10 degrees C. The Na-dependent fraction of alanine uptake, judged by analysis of autoradiographs and by measurement of alanine-dependent short-circuit current, was greater in intestines taken from pigs maintained on a restricted diet. This effect, which appeared to be due to changes in the number of carriers (Jm) rather than the apparent affinity of the carrier for the amino acid (Km) was most noticeable using intestines taken from pigs kept at 10 degrees C. The Na-independent fraction of alanine uptake remained unchanged either by alterations in diet or in the environmental temperature at which pigs were kept. Restricting the diet of pigs at low environmental temperature leads to a relative increase in the capacity of the intestine to absorb alanine through an Na-dependent process. This increase appears to be caused by an extension of enterocyte life span rather than by any change in the time of onset or rate of expression of carrier function in a single enterocyte.

Alanine↗
PubMed1983

Detection of bacterial antigens in body fluids with the Wellcogen Haemophilus influenzae b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis (ACYW135) latex agglutination tests.

The Wellcogen Haemophilus influenzae b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis (ACYW135) latex agglutination tests (Wellcome Diagnostics, Dartford, England) were evaluated as methods to detect bacterial antigens in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine, and serum from patients with meningitis or sepsis. Antigen was detected in 92% of CSFs from H. influenzae b, 100% of CSFs from N. meningitidis groups A and Y, 36% of CSFs from N. meningitidis group C, and 69% of CSFs from pneumococcal meningitidis patients. Serum samples presented a problem, with a few false-positive or possible cross-reactions. The Wellcogen latex agglutination tests were more sensitive than the Bactogen (H. influenzae type b) latex agglutination test and the Phadebact (S. pneumoniae) coagglutination test.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1983

Thermoregulatory heat production in cold-reared and warm-reared pigs.

Pigs were reared from 2 wk of age in either 10 or 35 degrees C and fed ad libitum. At 8 wk of age they were tested for the presence of regulatory nonshivering thermogenesis by administration of norepinephrine (NE) and propranolol. In addition, an electromyogram and carotid temperature, as well as a heat flow and skin temperature from one site, were monitored while the pigs were at ambient temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C. Cold-reared pigs showed a heightened response to NE in cold compared to thermally neutral environments. This was not observed in warm-reared pigs. Propranolol depressed O2 consumption more in cold-reared than in warm-reared pigs. Pigs reared in the cold also showed a higher intensity of shivering, tissue conductance, and skin temperature than warm-reared littermates. The shivering response of cold-reared pigs was more sensitive to changes in skin temperature than in warm-reared pigs.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1983

Sexually transmitted diseases in sexually abused children.

Over a 4-year period, 409 cases of suspected sexual abuse of children were reviewed to study sexually transmitted disease (STD). Sexually transmitted disease was identified in 54 (13%) of the 409 children: 46 cases of gonorrhea, six cases of syphilis, four cases of trichomoniasis, and three cases of condyloma acuminata. Nine of the 46 children with cultures positive for gonorrhea did not have a history of discharge. Four of the six children with syphilis also had a gonococcal infection. One child with syphilis had condyloma. Only one child had clinical features of syphilis. Sexually transmitted disease was more likely to be transmitted by an extended family member or a nonfamily member than by a father/stepfather (P less than .001). Laboratory tests that identify sexually transmitted disease may aid in the diagnosis of sexual abuse.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Sexual contact in children with gonorrhea.

This study was performed to determine if gonorrheal infections in children aged 1 to 12 years were frequently associated with sexual contacts. In our study all 14 children who had gonorrhea and who were over 4 years of age and 35% (six) of the 17 children who had gonorrhea and who were between 1 and 4 years old were found to have had sexual contact with older males who were almost always in the extended family. Our study supports the concept that gonorrhea in children over 4 years old is almost always associated with sexual contact. In children between 1 and 4 years old, a history of sexual contact is more difficult to obtain but may be elicited in more than a third of the cases. Hospitalization of the children and identification of extended family members with gonorrhea, followed by additional interviews, were useful procedures in determining who had had sexual contact with the children.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Detection of group B streptococcal antigen in early-onset and late-onset group B streptococcal disease with the Wellcogen Strep B latex agglutination test.

The Wellcogen Strep B latex agglutination test (Wellcome Diagnostics, Dartford, England) was evaluated as a method of detecting group B streptococcal antigen in urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum from neonates with early-onset (less than or equal to 7 days of age) and late-onset group B streptococcal disease. Urine was the best source of antigen, which was detected in 100% of six neonates with early-onset group B streptococcal disease who had urine available in the first 12 h of illness and in 88% of 17 group B streptococcus-infected neonates with urine available in the first 48 h of illness. Antigen was not detected in any samples from patients without group B streptococcal disease except in the urine of one patient with Proteus mirabilis meningitis. The Wellcogen Strep B latex test of the lot tested compares favorably with a noncommercially available latex agglutination test.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1981

Changes in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline associated with central and peripheral thermal stimuli in the pig.

1. The role of catecholamines in thermogenesis has been investigated in trained young pigs in various situations which increases heat production. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations were estimated by radioenzymic assay of samples taken from an indwelling jugular catheter to prevent disturbance and stress. 2. During 3 hr at ambient temperatures of between 25 and -5 degrees C, there was curvilinear increase in noradrenaline concentrations as temperature decreased, but adrenaline did not change. After 1-3 days at 5 or 1 degrees C, the concentrations of both amines were similar to those found at thermal neutrality. 3. Cooling the cervical region of the spinal cord resulted in a large increase in plasma noradrenaline whereas local cooling of the hypothalamus was associated with a small increase in the hormone. When cooling either region of the central nervous system, plasma adrenaline concentrations did not change. 4. During exposure to 45 degrees C, rectal temperature increased to 43 degrees C. Concentrations of catecholamines remained low or declined until the rectal temperature was above 41.5 degrees C when the concentrations increased in most animals. 5. Induced physical activity lasting 40 min was associated with an increase in both noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations. 6. Blood samples from the inferior vena cava, just cephalad to the outlet of the adrenal veins, had much higher concentrations of noradrenaline during cold exposure than those taken simultaneously from the jugular vein. Therefore, at least part of the increase in noradrenaline concentrations reported above may have been due to release of the hormone from the adrenal medulla. 7. It is concluded that during short-term exposure to cold, and in exercise, there is a rapid catecholamine response, producing concentrations in the blood which could be high enough to stimulate thermogenesis. During longer-term cold exposure, catecholamine output is low and other factors must be of greater importance in maintaining thermogenic processes. Further, catecholamine output may result from thermal stimuli not only from outside the external surface of the animal but also from within the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Evidence for the presence of brown adipose tissue in the pig.

Small quantities of tissue closely resembling brown adipose tissue have been found in pigs aged two to three months. The tissue, which was taken post mortem from near the great veins in the neck, in the subscapular area and close to the adrenal and thyroid glands, was embedded in connective tissue or white adipose tissue. Examination under the light microscope and electron microscope revealed the following features characteristic of brown adipocytes: multilocular fat: large, round nucleus; numerous mitochondria with cristae; the presence of large amounts of glycogen, and the close proximity of numerous unmyelinated nerve cells with synaptic vesicle filled varicosities. No mitochondrial inclusions were seen. It is suggested that this finding of brown adipose tissue could lead to a better understanding of the control of non-shivering thermogenesis.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1980

Group B streptococcal disease: its diagnosis with the use of antigen detection, Gram's stain, and the presence of apnea, hypotension.

Antigen detection was found to be a rapid and useful technique in diagnosing group B streptococcal (GBS) infections. Of the two techniques described, latex agglutination was more sensitive than countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis. Concentrated urine was the best body fluid to test with 100% containing antigen. Though no false-positive reactions were noted, this is a potential problem. Gram-positive cocci in the gastric aspirate were associated with severe systemic infections with these organisms in almost half of the neonates with clinical signs of infection or respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). There was only a 4% infection rate in clinically similar neonates without Gram-positive cocci in the gastric aspirates. Apnea and/or hypotension was seen commonly in both early onset GBS pneumonia and RDS, making this finding alone of little clinical use.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1980

Metabolic effects of glucagon in the young pig.

The i.v. infusion or i.m. injection of 30 micrograms x kg-1 of glucagon into pigs aged 3--9 d, 24--30 d and 42--56 d was followed by a rise in the rate of oxygen consumption. In pigs aged 3--28 d pretreatment with 3 mg/kg of the beta-blocker propranolol prevented the rise in oxygen consumption after glucagon. Glucagon also caused a rise in plasma glucose which persisted for 60 min in 3--9 d old pigs. In older animals the glucose concentration first increased and then decreased below the control value after 45 min before rising again. The plasma concentration of free fatty acids did not change. In older pigs glucagon often induced shivering which occurred after the initial rise in metabolic rate. This effect which was accompanied by an increase in body temperature could be blocked with indomethacin, but the initial rise in metabolic rate, which was not associated with shivering, persisted.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Heat loss from humans measured with a direct calorimeter and heat-flow meters.

1. Heat loss from three men and three women was measured in a direct calorimeter over 2 or 3 h periods and compared with that determined simultaneously from heat-flow meters attached to the skin surface at the waist. The comparisons were made at each of four ambient temperatures, 15, 20, 25 and 30 degrees. Each subject wore a cotton boiler-suit and minimal underwear. 2. Oral temperatures and skin and clothing temperatures on both trunk and forearm were determined, thus enabling the subjects' internal and external insulation to be calculated. 3. Heat loss determined by the meters was lower than that determined by the calorimeter. The difference increased with increase in ambient temperature. 'Meter' heat loss decreased linearly as ambient temperature was raised. 4. It was concluded that heat-flow meters could provide a useful estimate of total heat loss when the evaporative component is low. The estimate might be improved if the subject is calibrated while wearing the meters in a calorimeter over several short periods. Heat-flow meters could therefore be of particular value in sedentary individuals, when the heart-rate method for estimating energy expenditure can be inappropriate.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Dependence of thyroxine utilization rate on dietary composition.

1. The rate of utilization (k) of labelled thyroxine increased when energy intake, given as standard pig meal, was doubled from 20 to 40 g/kg body-weight per d. When the bulk of food was increased, but not its energy content, the value of k did not change. Ambient temperature was constant throughout the experiment. 2. Groups of pigs were given pig meal at 20 g/kg body-weight, 40 g/kg body-weight or 20 g/kg body-weight plus a supplement. The supplement was of equivalent energy content to 20 g pig meal/kg body-weight and consisted of coconut (high-fat), fish meal (high-protein) or glucose. The values of k were similar on diets (g/kg body-weight) of 40 pig meal, 20 pig meal plus coconut, and 20 pig meal plus fish meal. When the supplement was glucose however the values of k were similar to that for 20 g pig meal/kg body-weight. 3. The plasma concentrations of T4, and triiodothyronine were not affected by eating a meal, or by changing the energy intake presented as pig meal. A comparison between pigs given 20 g pig meal/kg body-weight plus supplements of bran, coconut, fish meal or glucose revealed differences in the concentration of both hormones. When food was withdrawn for 5 d the concentrations of both hormones declined.

Animals↗