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D L Rowley

Publications and source records attributed to D L Rowley.

32 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Morbidity estimates of conditions originating in the perinatal period: United States, 1986 through 1987.

Morbidity estimates of conditions originating in the perinatal period have not been reported in the United States. Conditions originating in the perinatal period were identified according to the International Classification of Diseases. The National Hospital Discharge Survey provided a weighted, nationally representative sample of newborns discharged each year from short-stay, nonfederal hospitals. From 1986 through 1987, 33.7% of all newborns had at least one nonteratologic perinatal condition. However, 6.8% of all newborns had physiologic jaundice as their only discharge diagnosis. Nonphysiologic jaundice was diagnosed in 4.4%, maternal causes of perinatal morbidity in 3.1%, birth trauma in 2.5%, fetal distress in 2.3%, birth asphyxia in 2.1%, and infections specific to the perinatal period in 2.0% of all newborn discharges. The average hospital stay for all newborns was 3.5 days, but it was 5.3 days for newborns with at least one nonteratologic perinatal condition and 2.6 for newborns discharged without a morbid condition. This study provides nationally representative estimates of perinatal morbidity useful for comparisons with smaller hospital-based samples. In addition, the study provides estimates of the public health impact of these conditions in terms of hospital stay days.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1990

Recent trends in neonatal mortality in South Carolina.

This study examines some of the primary factors responsible for the decline in South Carolina's neonatal mortality rate during the 1980s. Essentially all of the observed decline between 1980-82 and 1984-86 could be attributed to improved birthweight-specific survival rather than improvements in the infant birthweight distribution. Improved survival of 500-1,499 g infants accounted for 64% of the decline in white neonatal mortality and 70% of the decline among blacks. Also, during this period, the percentage of 500-1,499 g infants delivered at Level III hospitals increased significantly for both race groups. Comparisons with other southeastern states suggest that further reductions in South Carolina's neonatal mortality rate are possible through continued efforts aimed at improving birthweight-specific survival. Existing state-supported programs such as regional perinatal referral networks and the High Risk Channeling Project will continue to play an important role in maintaining the decline in the state's neonatal mortality rate.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1987

Convulsions caused by endrin poisoning in Pakistan.

From July through September 1984, acute convulsions caused by endrin poisoning occurred in the subdistrict of Talagang, Attock District, Punjab province, Pakistan. Eighteen of the 21 affected villages were surveyed; 70% of the cases for which ages were known (106 of 152) were in children 1 to 9 years of age; 9.8% of all affected persons (19 of 194) died. The outbreak occurred in villages on the main roads of the subdistrict and peaked in early September. Endrin was detected in the blood of 12 of 18 patients with a history of convulsions but was not found in the blood of four hospitalized control patients. One composite sugar sample taken from the homes of three persons had an endrin level of 0.04 ppm. Because of the high toxicity, repeated association with large-scale outbreaks of neurologic illness, and the difficulties of monitoring distribution, endrin should not be used for agricultural purposes.

Child↗
PubMed1985

National Reye syndrome surveillance, 1982.

Despite the fact that influenza B was the primary influenza virus strain during the winter of 1981-1982, only 213 cases of Reye syndrome were reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) between Dec 1, 1981 and Nov 30, 1982. This national reported incidence of 0.33 cases per 100,000 children less than 18 years of age is the lowest reported incidence since the Centers for Disease Control began surveillance in 1973. This relatively low incidence probably reflected, at least in part, the fact the influenza B activity was spotty and the illness relatively mild the winter of 1981-1982. The 213 cases were reported from 43 states; and in 56% of the patients, Reye syndrome occurred following a respiratory illness. The mean age of the children was 7.0 years; there were equal numbers of girls and boys; and 93% were white. Of the ten black patients, 80% were less than 1 year of age compared with 9% of the white patients. Of the 208 patients with reported admission stage, 45% were admitted in stage I or 0, a slightly lower proportion than that observed in the previous 2 years. Salicylate levels were obtained in 55% of the patients and were reported as "detectable" in 81% compared with 96% in 1981 (P = .003, chi 2). Of the 200 patients with known outcome, 70 patients died (a case fatality ratio of 35%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Aseptic meningitis and high school football players. 1978 and 1980.

During 1978 and 1980, epidemiologists at the Centers for Disease Control investigated seven outbreaks of aseptic meningitis-like illness (AMLI) occurring in high school football players in four different states. One or more enterovirus types were isolated from affected students at all seven schools. Attack rates were highest among the varsity football teams (range, 21% to 68%), although junior varsity teams were also affected at most schools (range, 5% to 63%). Non-football athletes were relatively spared. The illness was also reported by nonathletes at all three schools where more extensive investigations were undertaken. At one school, the AMLI attack rate was higher among students who were close friends of football players than among students who were not close friends; at the other two schools, these rates were similar. Hospitalization was more likely for football players with AMLI than for affected nonfootball players. Transmission of enteroviruses among football players was probably from person to person, although there was additional evidence to implicate common vehicle transmission at two schools. We conclude that football players may or may not have been more likely to be exposed to the enteroviruses circulating in their communities, but once introduction of a virus into a team occurred, transmission potential may have been enhanced, resulting in a large number of AMLI cases in players.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1975

Gluconeogenesis by isolated guinea-pig liver parenchymal cells.

1. Guinea-pig hepatocytes were prepared by collagenase digestion of the perfused liver. 2. The highest rates of gluconeogenesis were obtained from fructose, followed by pyruvate, xylitol and lactate, glycerol and propionate in that order. Maximum rates of gluconeogenesis were attained at 6-10mm substrate. 3. An initial 15-min lag period occurred during gluconeogenesis from lactate. This lag was abolished by preincubating the cells or by preincubation plus the addition of NH(4)Cl or lysine. 4. The lactate/pyruvate and 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratios were increased during the lag and adjusted to values favouring rapid gluconeogenesis from lactate after 15min. 5. The data suggest that the low glucose synthesis during the lag resulted from a limitation of the glutamate-aspartate shuttle and from the unusual redox state of the NAD(+) couple prevailing during this period. 6. At 0.1mm, amino-oxyacetate, a transaminase inhibitor, decreased gluconeogenesis from lactate by 80%, but had a negligible effect on glucose production from pyruvate. Gluconeogenesis from lactate was also inhibited (20%) by 10mm-dl-3-hydroxybutyrate.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Esophagogastric adenocarcinoma in an E1A/E1B transgenic model involves p53 disruption.

We studied tumorigenesis and p53 immunostaining in a murine transgenic model introducing E1A/E1B under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus-long terminal repeat (MMTV-LTR) promoter in which adenocarcinoma occurs at the squamocolumnar junction in the foregut, predominantly in males, and at no other site. Mutations of p53 are frequent in human esophageal adenocarcinoma and the E1B gene product interferes with p53-mediated apoptosis, inhibiting tumor suppression at the G(1)/S checkpoint. Transgenic animals were generated utilizing a purified linear 6.7 kb fragment of plasmid DNA containing MMTV-LTR/E1A/E1B and were confirmed by dot blot hybridization of tail DNA to (32)P-labeled E1A/E1B probe and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of E1A. Transgenic and control animals were observed for morbidity and weight changes. Eleven of 45 animals were transgenic (24% efficiency) with an estimated 5 to 57 copies of the gene per genome. Profound weight loss (>20%) led to sacrifice or death of one of five females (at 12 weeks) and four of six males (at 16 to 17 weeks). Grossly visible tumors (2 to 10 mm) were noted in the forestomach at the visible margin between the proximal (squamous-lined) stomach and the distal glandular stomach. Histologic sections confirmed adenocarcinoma arising in each case at the squamocolumnar junction with glandular formation, pleomorphism, and frequent mitotic figures. Immunostaining was positive for p53 indicating accumulation of mutated or altered p53 protein. E1A/E1B transgenic animals developed macroscopic and microscopic adenocarcinoma at the squamocolumnar junction, which corresponds to adenocarcinoma at the human esophagogastric junction. Disruption of p53 was present in the transgenic model as in the human cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measuring the effects of seating on people with profound and multiple disabilities--a preliminary study.

This paper describes a preliminary study to investigate a range of approaches that might be used for measuring the effects of special seating on people with profound and multiple disabilities and their carers. A number of tools are proposed for measuring the effects on quality of life, function and carer satisfaction. The results of applying these tools to measure the effects of intervention with customized molded seating on nine people with multiple disabilities are described. The results suggest that these tools are sensitive to this intervention, showing a general beneficial effect with good carer satisfaction. The study points the way towards application of these tools to people with a wider range of disabilities and to different interventions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of very low birthweight on the black-white infant mortality gap.

In recent years, the rate of decline for the black infant mortality risk (IMR) has been slower than that for whites. The resultant widening in the black-white infant mortality gap has been accompanied by an increased percentage of very low birthweight (VLBW) infants (227 g-1,499 g) among black live births. Restricting our analysis to non-Hispanic black and white single live births, we used the 1983 national linked birth-death file to assess the relative contribution of VLBW infants to the black-white gap in IMR. VLBW occurred among 2.3% of all black live births and among 0.8% of all white live births. Deaths among VLBW infants accounted for 62.5% of the black-white gap in IMR. Although VLBW newborns represent a fraction of all live births in the United States, they account for almost two-thirds of the black-white gap in IMR. Since preterm delivery is associated with most VLBW infant deaths, our findings indicate the crucial need to identify strategies that reduce preterm births, among blacks in particular, to reduce significantly the infant mortality gap in the United States.

Cause of Death↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Framing the debate: can prenatal care help to reduce the black-white disparity in infant mortality?

Prenatal care has been identified as necessary to reducing the disparity in infant mortality between black and white infants. The purpose of this paper is to review determinants of the disparity and describe the contribution that prenatal care can make to modifying those determinants, biologic or social. When examined by birthweight categories, 25% of the disparity is due to excess deaths among normal birthweight infants (> or = 2500 g); 13% is due to excess deaths among moderate low birthweight infants (1500-2499g); and 62% of the disparity is due to excess deaths among very low birthweight infants. Normal birthweight black infants have higher rates of death due to infections, injuries, and sudden infant death syndrome. Very low birthweight black infants account for the increasing disparity in infant mortality. Social determinants of the disparity in infant mortality include the effects of poverty and the accompanying problems of limited access to health care services, preventive care, and good nutrition. Prenatal care may reduce the disparity by using both high-risk and population-based prevention strategies. This combination of strategies would identify and treat medically high-risk women before delivery and provide preventive care to all women, regardless of their risk status. Although both strategies have a potential for producing modest reductions, neither has proved to be effective.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Violence and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a review of the literature and directions for future research.

INTRODUCTION: Violence during pregnancy has been estimated to affect between 0.9% and 20.1% of pregnant women in the United States. This article presents a review of the research on the potential association between violence during pregnancy and adverse outcomes, explores mechanisms by which violence might influence pregnancy outcomes, and suggests directions for future research aimed at the development of successful interventions. METHODS: A review of the literature pertaining to violence during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes, trauma, and stress during pregnancy was completed. RESULTS: Overall, no pregnancy outcome was consistently found to be associated with violence during pregnancy. The trauma literature offers insight about the effects that injuries caused by physical violence might have on pregnancy outcomes. Information from the stress literature investigates potential mechanisms through which physical violence could indirectly affect pregnancy outcomes. The trauma and stress literature offers methodologic approaches that could be employed in future research on violence during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This review lays the groundwork for the development of a future research agenda to investigate the association between violence during pregnancy and adverse outcomes. Future research should include quantitative and qualitative approaches, and investigation into the mechanisms and antecedents of how violence during pregnancy may lead to adverse outcomes. Only with such information can successful interventions to limit violence and its potential effects during pregnancy be implemented.

Causality↗