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Biomedical subjects

D L Welch

Publications and source records attributed to D L Welch.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

An evaluation of onset and duration of action of patanol (olopatadine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution 0.1%) compared to Claritin (loratadine 10 mg) tablets in acute allergic conjunctivitis in the conjunctival allergen challenge model.

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical efficacy of Patanol (olopatadine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution 0.1%) to Claritin (loratadine 10 mg) tablets, in the conjunctival allergen challenge model. METHODS: This was a randomized, double-masked, single center, contralateral controlled, antigen challenge model study. The concentration of allergen that elicited a positive response was determined at Visits 1 and 2 (itching > or = 2 and redness > or = 2 OU). At Visit 3, 29 subjects were randomized into two groups. Fifteen subjects received Claritin tablet and Patanol ophthalmic solution 0.1% in one eye and placebo in the contralateral eye. Fourteen subjects received placebo tablet and Patanol in one eye and placebo in the contralateral eye. One hour after drug administration, subjects were challenged with the antigen that elicited a positive response. At 3, 7, and 10 minutes, itching was subjectively evaluated. At Visit 4, the same procedure was followed as in Visit 3, but antigen challenge occurred 8 hours after drug instillation. RESULTS: Results were analyzed by eye. Eyes treated with Patanol (concomitant with placebo tablet) had significantly lower ocular itching scores when compared to eyes treated with placebo (concomitant with Claritin) at 3, 7 and 10 minutes in the onset of action evaluation (p < 0.05). Eyes treated with Patanol (concomitant with placebo tablet) had significantly lower ocular itching scores at 7 minutes and there was a statistical trend (0.05 < p < 0.1) at 10 minutes in duration of action evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Patanol therapy was significantly more efficacious than Claritin in reducing ocular itching related to allergic conjunctivitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

The G-banding pattern of chromosomes in Ehrlich Lettŕe ascites tumor cells.

The trypsin digestion-Giemsa staining technique was used to produce distinctive banding patterns in chromosomes of Ehrlich Lettŕe ascites tumor cells derived from a frozen culture originally begun from the ELD line. The chromosome numbers most frequently encountered in cells were 44 and 45. Four large marker chromosomes were identified in the karyotype. One of these was a large submetacentric chromosome, the banding pattern of which indicated its probable origin was from a pair of telocentric chromosomes. Using banding patterns and lengths, the chromosomes were classified into four groups--marker, paired, unpaired, and minute chromosomes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Human error and human factors engineering in health care.

Human error is inevitable. It happens in health care systems as it does in all other complex systems, and no measure of attention, training, dedication, or punishment is going to stop it. The discipline of human factors engineering (HFE) has been dealing with the causes and effects of human error since the 1940's. Originally applied to the design of increasingly complex military aircraft cockpits, HFE has since been effectively applied to the problem of human error in such diverse systems as nuclear power plants, NASA spacecraft, the process control industry, and computer software. Today the health care industry is becoming aware of the costs of human error and is turning to HFE for answers. Just as early experimental psychologists went beyond the label of "pilot error" to explain how the design of cockpits led to air crashes, today's HFE specialists are assisting the health care industry in identifying the causes of significant human errors in medicine and developing ways to eliminate or ameliorate them. This series of articles will explore the nature of human error and how HFE can be applied to reduce the likelihood of errors and mitigate their effects.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Human factors analysis and design support in medical device development.

The last issue of BI&T explored the nature and role of human factors engineering (HFE) in health care. That column examined how the "root cause" of an accident is often simply labeled "human error" and how human error can be a convenient way to explain away a system-wide problem. HFE is highly effective in designing and operating systems that consider human strengths and weaknesses and do not "set up" users to commit errors. Still, people will continue to commit errors, no matter how hard we try. Yet we can design systems that, if not "fail-safe", are at least "fault tolerant." In these systems errors are more difficult to commit and are more easily detected, corrected, and mitigated. Human factors engineering can be of value to the health care industry in at least three highly critical areas: Developing new systems to enhance safety, efficiency, and usability; Evaluating whether to purchase particular equipment and how to effectively integrate it into hospital systems; and Investigating accidents. This article will review the HFE analysis and design activities undertaken in developing a new system. The article in the next issue of BI&T will explore HFE developmental and usability and evaluation activities.

Equipment Design↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Human factors in the health care facility.

Previous articles in this series have investigated the role of human factors engineering (HFE) in the design and development of medical devices and instrumentation. This article turns its focus to HFE within health care facilities--hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, HMOs, etc. The objective of HFE for the device manufacturer is to produce effective and safe systems. The health care facility is concerned with maintaining the safety of patients and staff, enhancing the cost efficiency of its operations, and controlling liability. Human factors engineering can be effective in realizing all of these goals. Proactive measures include (1) evaluation of currently employed systems for efficiency and error potential, (2) evaluation of systems prior to purchase, (3) evaluation and enhancement of facilities, and (4) design and evaluation of procedures. Retroactively, HFE participation in accident/incident investigations can carry such investigations beyond the placing of blame to determining what made a human error possible or even inevitable.

Accidents, Occupational↗