PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

D MacKinnon

Publications and source records attributed to D MacKinnon.

17 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Suggestive evidence of a locus on chromosome 10p using the NIMH genetics initiative bipolar affective disorder pedigrees.

As part of a four-center NIMH Genetics Initiative on Bipolar Disorder, a genome screen using 365 markers was performed on 540 DNAs from 97 families, enriched for affected relative pairs. This is the largest uniformly ascertained and assessed linkage sample for this disease, and includes 232 subjects diagnosed with bipolar I (BPI), 32 with schizo-affective, bipolar type (SABP), 72 with bipolar II (BPII), and 88 with unipolar recurrent depression (UPR). A hierarchical set of definitions of affected status was examined. Under Model I, affected individuals were those with a diagnosis of BPI or SABP, Model II included as affected those fitting Model I plus BPII, and Model III included those fitting Model II plus UPR. This data set was previously analyzed using primarily affected sib pair methods. We report the results of nonparametric linkage analyses of the extended pedigree structure using the program Genehunter Plus. The strongest finding was a lod score of 2.5 obtained on chromosome 10 near the marker D10S1423 with diagnosis as defined under Model II. This region has been previously implicated in genome-wide studies of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Other chromosomal regions with lod scores over 1.50 for at least one Model Included chromosomes 8 (Model III), 16 (Model III), and 20 (Model I). Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 96:18-23, 2000

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2000

Full-genome scan for linkage in 50 families segregating the bipolar affective disease phenotype.

A genome scan of approximately 12-cM initial resolution was done on 50 of a set of 51 carefully ascertained unilineal multiplex families segregating the bipolar affective disorder phenotype. In addition to standard multipoint linkage analysis methods, a simultaneous-search algorithm was applied in an attempt to surmount the problem of genetic heterogeneity. The results revealed no linkage across the genome. The results exclude monogenic models and make it unlikely that two genes account for the disease in this sample. These results support the conclusion that at least several hundred kindreds will be required in order to establish linkage of susceptibility loci to bipolar disorder in heterogeneous populations.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2000

Coping and negative appraisal as mediators between control beliefs and psychological symptoms in children of divorce.

Examined control beliefs of children of divorce as predictors of their coping, negative appraisals for stressful events, and mental health problems. We tested whether coping and negative appraisal for stressful events mediated the relations between multiple dimensions of control beliefs and mental health problems. Different dimensions of control beliefs were related to different aspects of coping and negative stress appraisal. Internal control beliefs for positive events were related to both active and avoidant coping. Unknown control beliefs for positive events were related to higher active coping and higher negative appraisal. Unknown control beliefs for negative events were related to higher avoidant coping. In addition, evidence for mediation was found such that the effect of unknown control beliefs for positive events on mental health problems was mediated by negative appraisal. Implications and directions for further research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Medication patterns of recurrent headache sufferers: a community study.

This community-based telephone survey determined medication patterns of 274 frequent headache sufferers who reported 12 or more headaches a year. Headaches were classified using the International Headache Society's (IHS) criteria. Participants reported on 465 types of headaches: 129 tension headaches, 158 migraine headaches, 8 chronic tension headaches, and 148 headaches which were unclassifiable using IHS criteria. Females (n = 133) reported an average of 1.9 types of headache and males (n = 141) reported 1.5 headache types. Fifty-six percent of respondents used acetaminophen for tension-type and 60% used acetaminophen for migraine. One percent used prescription medication for tension headache and 12% used prescriptions for migraine. The perceived effectiveness of over-the-counter medication was approximately 7 on a scale of 0-10 for tension headaches and 6 for migraine. Both tension-headache and migraine-headache sufferers waited about 1 h before taking any medication. Tension-headache sufferers waited until the headache was above 5 on a 0 to 10 scale (4.6 for migraine). It is possible that more aggressive use of medication might improve headache management.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Videofluoroscopic evaluation of prosthetic fit and residual limbs following transtibial amputation.

The clinical examination of residual limb complications is usually subjective and may lead to inappropriate, expensive adjustments or replacement of the prosthesis. Plain films and xeroradiography only provide static images of the residual limb and socket. The purpose of this pilot study was to develop a videofluoroscopic technique to evaluate dynamic residual limb-socket relationships during gait. Sixteen videofluoroscopic studies were performed in subjects with transtibial amputation. Anteroposterior (A-P) and lateral views were obtained. The wide view field was better than the coned view. The optimal settings were found to be in the 80 to 110 kV range during manual setting (mean values: 86.3 kV in A-P view, and 88.9 kV in lateral view). The following information was obtained: A-P residual limb motion, piston action, rolling of soft tissues, and dynamic relationships of various pressure-sensitive and pressure-tolerant parts of the residual limb with the inner socket. We consider videofluoroscopy to be a potentially valuable diagnostic procedure for evaluating difficult prosthetic fitting problems and residual limb complications, and providing a better understanding of the residual limb-socket interface during different phases of the gait cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Initial genome scan of the NIMH genetics initiative bipolar pedigrees: chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 10, and 12.

A report on an initial genome screen on 540 individuals in 97 families was collected as part of the NIMH Genetics Initiative on Bipolar Disorder. Families were ascertained to be informative for genetic linkage and underwent a common ascertainment and assessment protocol at four clinical sites. The sample was genotyped for 65 highly polymorphic markers from chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 10, and 12. The average intermarker interval was 16 cM. Genotypic data was analyzed using affected sib pair, multipoint affected sib pair, and pedigree analysis methods. Multipoint methods gave lod scores of approximately two on chromosomes 1, 6, and 10. The peak lod score on chromosome 6 occurred at the end of the q-arm, at some distance from the 6p24-22 area previously implicated for schizophrenia. We are currently genotyping additional markers to reduce the intermarker interval around the signals. The interpretation of results from a genome screen of a complex disorder and the problem of achieving a balance between detecting false positive results and the ability to detect genes of modest effect are discussed.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1997

Initial genome scan of the NIMH genetics initiative bipolar pedigrees: chromosomes 4, 7, 9, 18, 19, 20, and 21q.

An initial genome scan was performed on 540 individuals from 97 families segregating bipolar disorder, collected through the National Institutes of Mental Health Genetics Initiative. We report here affected-sib-pair (ASP) data on 126 marker loci (approximately 68,000 genotypes) mapping to chromosomes 4, 7, 9, 18, 19, 20, and 21q, under three affection status models. Modest increases in identical-by-descent (IBD) allele sharing were found at the following loci: D4S2397 and D4S391 (P < 0.05) on 4p, D4S1647 (P < 0.05) on 4q, D7S1802 and D7S1869 (low P = 0.01) on 7p, D9S302 (P = 0.004) on 9q, and D20S604 on 20p and D20S173 on 20q (P < 0.05). In addition, five markers on 7q displayed increased IBD sharing (P = 0.046-0.002). Additional ASP analyses on chromosomes 18 and 21q marker data were performed using disease phenotype models defined previously. On chromosome 18, only D18S40 on 18p and D18S70 on 18q yielded a slight elevation in allele sharing (P = 0.02), implying that the reported linkages in these regions were not confirmed. On chromosome 21q, a cluster of markers within an approximately 9 cM interval: D21S1254, D21S65, D21S1440, and D21S1255 exhibited excess allele sharing (P = 0.041-0.008). Multilocus data on overlapping marker quartets, from D21S1265 to D21S1255, which were consistent with increased IBD sharing (P < 0.01, with a low of 0.0009), overlapped a broad interval of excess allele sharing reported previously, increasing support for a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder on 21q.

Alleles↗
PubMed1995

An interdisciplinary behavioral treatment program for depressed geriatric rehabilitation inpatients.

Depression is known to be associated with increased functional dependence both in the community and in a hospital setting. An innovative interdisciplinary behavioral treatment of depression protocol is described here. Occupational therapists were trained to deliver a protocol of behavioral treatment techniques during their individual occupational therapy treatment sessions. Methods of training the occupational therapists and a description of the treatment are provided in this article. These methods insure that behavioral treatment is delivered accurately and regularly. An outline of each session is provided, and two case examples are described. Early results indicate that this form of treatment can be reliably and accurately carried out.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Effect of cardiac filling pressures on the release of atrial natriuretic peptide during exercise in heart transplant recipients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of body posture and central hemodynamics on the plasma levels of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide (irANP) during exercise in cardiac transplant patients. METHODS: Central hemodynamics, mixed expired gas and ventilatory measurements, and venous blood sampling (for irANP determination) were obtained in cardiac transplant patients at rest and during supine (n = 12) or upright (n = 12) graded cycle exercise. Cardiopulmonary and irANP responses to exercise were compared between the upright and supine postures. RESULTS: At rest (supine), irANP concentrations were similar in both groups (172 +/- 87 pg/mL supine and 182 +/- 72 pg/mL upright) and did not correlate with resting supine central hemodynamics. During exercise, central filling pressures increased in both groups but patients exercising in the supine position had a greater increase. Peak exercise right atrial pressure was 12 +/- 4 mmHg supine versus 7 +/- 5 mmHg upright (P < 0.005). Peak exercise pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was 22 +/- 6 mmHg supine versus 14 +/- 5 mmHg upright (P < 0.005). At peak exercise, irANP levels were greater in the supine than upright position (419 +/- 166 pg/mL supine versus 277 +/- 40 pg/mL upright, P < 0.05). The change in irANP from rest to peak exercise correlated (P < 0.05) with changes in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r = 0.67), systolic pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.78) and right atrial pressure (r = 0.53). There was, however, no correlation between change in irANP and peak oxygen consumption, change in heart rate or change in mean arterial blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: In cardiac transplant recipients, exercise is a stimulus for ANP secretion, and augmentation in plasma irANP levels during exercise is modulated by changes in central hemodynamics.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Elevated arterial blood pressure in cardiac tamponade.

BACKGROUND: In cardiac tamponade cardiac output falls, but peripheral vascular resistance increases, so that systemic blood pressure may be maintained at normal or near-normal levels. We recently observed a patient with cardiac tamponade whose blood pressure was markedly elevated. METHODS: To determine the frequency of elevated blood pressure in patients with cardiac tamponade and their hemodynamic characteristics, we studied 18 consecutive patients with cardiac tamponade from a variety of causes using right heart catheterization. RESULTS: Six of the 18 patients had systolic arterial blood pressures ranging from 150 to 210 mm Hg (mean [+/- SD], 176 +/- 26) and diastolic pressures ranging from 100 to 130 mm Hg (mean, 113 +/- 14). All six had previously been hypertensive. After pericardiocentesis there was a significant decrease in blood pressure (to 139 +/- 13 mm Hg systolic, P less than 0.05; and 83 +/- 6 mm Hg diastolic, P less than 0.01) and peripheral vascular resistance (from 2150 +/- 588 to 1207 +/- 345 dyn.sec.cm-5, P less than 0.01). Cardiac output increased in all six. The other 12 patients, 3 of whom had a history of hypertension, had significant increases in cardiac output and systolic blood pressure (from 119 +/- 13 to 127 +/- 7 mm Hg, P less than 0.05) after pericardiocentesis, whereas peripheral vascular resistance decreased. Both groups had similar degrees of cardiac tamponade, as indicated by measurements of cardiac output and intrapericardial, right atrial, and pulmonary-artery wedge pressures. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated blood pressure may occur in some patients with cardiac tamponade who have preexisting hypertension. Moreover, blood pressure may fall after pericardiocentesis in patients who have elevated blood pressure associated with tamponade.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Observer variation in histological grading of breast cancer.

A multicentre study was conducted to assess the degree of agreement between pathologists grading breast tumours using the WHO criteria. Satisfactory correlation of grades was found to occur with observer variation of 21.9% on 874 tumours.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1989

Histological grading of breast cancer; significance of grade on recurrence and mortality.

The influence of histological grade on the recurrence and mortality of patients with breast cancer is reported for 829 patients. The effect of the histological grade is also compared with the effect of axillary node involvement and the implications for clinical studies of the management of breast cancer discussed. The prognosis for both recurrence and death becomes increasingly poor as the degree of differentiation decreases, as reflected by the grading allocated to the tumour. This effect is independent of the clinical stage of the cancer at the time of treatment.

Axilla↗
PubMed1975

Prediction of suicide: a replication study.

As part of an ongoing study on the prediction of suicide, a replication study was carried out on the Neuropsychiatric Hospital Suicide Potential Scale (NPHSPS), a recently constructed schedule for prediction of potentiality for committed suicide among hospitalized neuropsychiatric patients at the time of release from the hospital. The population consisted of 54 patients who had committed suicide and 50 patients who had not. Overall accuracy of the scale was 81.7 percent, with 95.2 percent accuracy for prediction of the high risk group and 80.0 percent accuracy for prediction of nonsuicidal controls. By computation of posterior probability, the scale is shown to increase accuracy of prediction more than five-fold over use of the base rate (or prior probability) alone, but it is also evident the level of prediction of suicide is still too minimal to permit individual clinical application.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Condoms for men, not women. Results of brief promotion programs.

Three different brief intervention programs to promote condom use were tested among patients in inner-city sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics. The first, "Condom Skills," focused on teaching mechanical aspects of how to use a condom. The second, "Social Influences," emphasized how to negotiate condom use with one's sexual partner. The third, "Distribution," provided patients with an unlimited number of free condoms, retrievable at local community businesses. Of the 903 subjects whose medical records were reviewed after exposure to the intervention programs, evidence of continued unsafe sexual behavior, documented by subsequent treatment for a new STD, was found for 12.6% of the women and 19.9% of the men. When compared with male control subjects, male study patients had fewer documented subsequent STD reinfections. The relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) values were 0.48 and 0.28, 0.81 for the condom skills group; 0.65 and 0.40, 1.04 for the social influences group; and 0.85 and 0.56, 1.29 for the distribution group. There was no decrease in the incidence of STDs among female patients compared with control subjects; indeed, there was a trend toward increased risk of STDs among women exposed to the Social Influences intervention program. This study demonstrates that brief condom promotion programs can be effective for male STD patients, and that caution must be exercised in promoting condoms to women with a high risk of acquiring STDs. Further research on programs promoting safer sex among these women is needed.

Adult↗