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Biomedical subjects

D Meichenbaum

Publications and source records attributed to D Meichenbaum.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Concussions in hockey: there is cause for concern.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to document various aspects of concussion in Canadian Amateur hockey including demographics, causes, treatment, and prevention in order to guide future recommendations on how to reduce injury. METHODS: A detailed prospective and retrospective concussion history was obtained from British Columbia Junior Hockey League players over the course of two seasons (1998-2000). RESULTS: Higher rates of concussions occur in games versus practice, and there was an overrepresentation of forwards injured versus defensemen or goaltenders. There was between 4.63 and 5.95 concussions per 1000 player/game hours with the average age of the first hockey-related concussion in the 15th year. The greatest cause of concussion was contact with the ice and/or the boards. Fighting was not a major cause of concussion, although other illegal actions such as elbowing were. CONCLUSIONS: The primary recommendation to reduce the number and severity of concussions is to eliminate plays where there is a demonstrable intent to injure another player. Concussions in hockey are of considerable concern; however, there is now encouraging information with respect to the treatment of these injuries.

Brain Concussion↗
PubMed1995

The effectiveness and efficiency of health promotion in specialty clinic care.

Chronic illnesses make up the majority of health problems in North America. Many chronically ill persons adjust over time to their illnesses; however, there remains a small but important group of those less adjusted, who are concentrated in specialty clinics and are high users of health care resources. This randomized clinical trial investigated the impact of health promotion interventions in the form of problem-solving counseling or phone support that augmented conventional clinic medical care. Chronically ill, poorly adjusted outpatients (n = 293) attending clinics were randomly assigned to receive additional problem-solving counseling, phone call support, or neither. Psychosocial adjustment to illness, utilization, and expenditures of health services were the main outcomes measured. There were no overall significant differences between groups in their change in psychosocial adjustment and expenditures for health and social care. However, interaction analyses (P < 0.05) gave an indication of who might benefit from these interventions. Those who lived alone and infrequently used problem-solving behaviors to cope with their illness significantly improved their adjustment to illness and had fewer health service expenditures if they received problem-solving counseling. Supportive telephone calls were most effective for those who lived with someone and frequently used problem-solving coping behaviors. These findings suggest that health promotion services should be targeted to outpatients described by specific social support and coping characteristics.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Problem-solving counselling or phone-call support for outpatients with chronic illness: effective for whom?

The purpose of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to determine the effectiveness of problem-solving counselling or phone-call support provided by nurses to outpatients not well adjusted to chronic illness. Subjects (N = 293) completed measures at baseline and after the six-month period of intervention for psychosocial variables including coping behaviours, purpose in life, and psychosocial adjustment to illness. Subjects receiving phone-call support from nurses demonstrated less psychological distress. Results also suggest that problem-solving counselling improves psychosocial adjustment to chronic illness for outpatients who live alone, infrequently use problem-solving coping skills, or frequently use avoidance coping methods. As well, outpatients with a low purpose in life who show infrequent use of problem-solving coping skills appear to benefit most from problem-solving counselling provided by nurses. On the other hand, those not well adjusted who frequently use problem-solving coping seem to be served more effectively by phone-call support.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Changing conceptions of cognitive behavior modification: retrospect and prospect.

A retrospective analysis of cognitive behavior modification reveals that 3 major metaphors have been offered to explain the role that cognitions play in behavior change. These metaphors include cognition as a form of conditioning, information processing, and, currently, narrative construction. The implications of using each of these metaphors are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

War-related stress. Addressing the stress of war and other traumatic events.

A task force on war-related stress was convened to develop strategies for prevention and treatment of psychological, psychosocial, and psychosomatic disorders associated with the Persian Gulf War and other extreme stressors facing communities in general. The task force focused on the return home, reunion, and reintegration of service personnel with their families and work. Although the Persian Gulf War was won with relative ease, negative psychological sequelae may develop in some individuals because of the stress of war, family disruption, financial difficulty, and changes in family routines. Typical stress reactions and modes of coping that are usually unsuccessful or destructive were outlined, and suggestions were made for monitoring these. In addition, guidelines for successful coping were developed. Special attention was given to children's reactions and needs. Recommendations were made for outreach and intervention on the policy, systems (e.g., schools, businesses, governmental agencies), family, and individual levels.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1980

Cognition and behaviour change.

For the past decade we have been attempting to understand the role of cognition in psychopathology and behaviour modification. The purpose of the present paper is to highlight and discuss what we consider to be some of the most important findings and issues that have emerged. While many other investigators are conducting related research, we have limited our review and discussion to work conducted by Meichenbaum and his colleagues. The research program and the field in general have been reviewed in more detail by Meichenbaum (1977). See an annual newsletter on cognitive-behaviour modificaiton for further detailed reviews (Meichenbaum, 1975-1979). Initially, we were interested in developing and evaluating treatment procedures that blended cognitive and behavioural components. While this work continued, we have become interested in attempting to formulate an integrative model of behaviour change (Meichenbaum, 1977). The following review and discussion will describe the research program that led us to highlight the role of cognition in behaviour change.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1979

The work of worrying in children undergoing surgery.

This study examined the relationship involving children's level of anxiety, defensiveness, and play patterns 1 week prior to, during, and 1 week after hospitalization for minor surgery. A 7-month follow-up was also conducted in order to assess the children's recall for hospital events and coping style. The results suggested that two classes of children could be identified. The children in one group distinguished themselves in terms of their disposition to engage in the "work of worrying" (i.e., were low defensive prior to hospitalization, actively played with stress-related toys prior to hospitalization, and reported minimal distress and anxiety following surgery). Those in the second group were highly defensive, avoided playing with stress-related toys, and reported most anxiety following surgery. The parallel between children and adults patterns of dealing with surgery was considered in terms of Janis's (1978) model of coping with psychological stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

Cognitive factors in biofeedback therapy.

The role that the client's cognitions (viz., his self-statements and images) play in each of the various phases of biofeedback training is examined. Biofeedback training is conceptualized as including three phases: initial conceptualization, skills-acquisition and -rehearsal, and transfer of treatment. Cognitive-behavior modification procedures to alter or employ the clients' cognitions at each of these phases of treatment are described. A cognitive theory of self-control is offered, postulating a three-stage mediational change process whereby: (1) the client must become an observer of his behavior and physiological responses; (2) this recognition becomes the cue to emit incompatible cognitions and behaviors; and, finally, (3) the content of the client's cognitions following change influences the generalization and persistence of treatment effects. The implications of this theory for biofeedback training are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The consequences of negative scaffolding for students who learn slowly--a commentary on C. Addison Stone's "The metaphor of scaffolding: its utility for the field of learning disabilities".

In this commentary, we discuss the outcomes of effective scaffolding, the processes by which successful scaffolding works, and consider implications for children with learning disabilities or below-average academic progress. Scaffolding aims at transferring responsibility for task accomplishment from a competent person to a learner. In the context of children with educational problems, we explicate our view that current practices in many schools may result in a kind of reverse-scaffolding, preventing rather than encouraging transfer of responsibility for tasks.

Child↗