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Biomedical subjects

D Olds

Publications and source records attributed to D Olds.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

A developmental psychopathology perspective on child and adolescent treatment policy.

This article considers the implications of theory and research in developmental psychopathology for existing and emerging social policy concerning treatment of child and adolescent psychopathology. Based on the concept that all psychopathology is a process, four core principles of a developmental psychopathology perspective are discussed. In turn, each is applied to an evaluation of policy issues with implications for intervention, including mental health parity, treatment guidelines, mental health reimbursement, and level of intervention. It is concluded that social policy on treatment must be based on an empirically supported theory of developmental psychopathology and on evidence-based interventions that link treatments to pathogenic processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Differences in program implementation between nurses and paraprofessionals providing home visits during pregnancy and infancy: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined differences between nurses and paraprofessionals in implementation of a home visiting program for low-income, first-time parents during pregnancy and the first 2 years of the child's life. METHODS: Mothers were randomly assigned to either a nurse-visited (n = 236) or a paraprofessional-visited (n = 244) condition. Nurse- and paraprofessional-visited families were compared on number and length of visits, topics covered, number of program dropouts, and relationship with home visitor. RESULTS: On average, nurses completed more visits than paraprofessionals (28 vs 23; P < .001) and spent a greater proportion of time on physical health issues during pregnancy (38% vs 27%; P < .001) and on parenting issues during infancy (46% vs 32%; P < .001). Paraprofessionals conducted visits that lasted longer and spent a greater proportion of time on environmental health and safety issues (15% vs 7% pregnancy; 15% vs 8% infancy; P < .001). While home visitors were viewed equally positively by mothers, nurses had fewer dropouts than did paraprofessionals (38% vs 48%; P = .04). More paraprofessional-visited families than nurse-visited families experienced staff turnover. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses and paraprofessionals, even when using the same model, provide home visiting services in different ways.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Long-term effects of nurse home visitation on children's criminal and antisocial behavior: 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT: A program of home visitation by nurses has been shown to affect the rates of maternal welfare dependence, criminality, problems due to use of substances, and child abuse and neglect. However, the long-term effects of this program on children's antisocial behavior have not been examined. OBJECTIVE: To examine the long-term effects of a program of prenatal and early childhood home visitation by nurses on children's antisocial behavior. DESIGN: Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Interviews were conducted with the adolescents and their biological mothers or custodial parents. SETTING: Semirural community in New York. PARTICIPANTS: Between April 1978 and September 1980, 500 consecutive pregnant women with no previous live births were recruited, and 400 were enrolled. A total of 315 adolescent offspring participated in a follow-up study when they were 15 years old; 280 (89%) were born to white mothers, 195 (62%) to unmarried mothers, 151 (48%) to mothers younger than 19 years, and 186 (59%) to mothers from households of low socioeconomic status at the time of registration during pregnancy. INTERVENTION: Families in the groups that received home visits had an average of 9 (range, 0-16) home visits during pregnancy and 23 (range, 0-59) home visits from birth through the child's second birthday. The control groups received standard prenatal and well-child care in a clinic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Children's self-reports of running away, arrests, convictions, being sentenced to youth corrections, initiation of sexual intercourse, number of sex partners, and use of illegal substances; school records of suspensions; teachers' reports of children's disruptive behavior in school; and parents' reports of the children's arrests and behavioral problems related to the children's use of alcohol and other drugs. RESULTS: Adolescents born to women who received nurse visits during pregnancy and postnatally and who were unmarried and from households of low socioeconomic status (risk factors for antisocial behavior), in contrast with those in the comparison groups, reported fewer instances (incidence) of running away (0.24 vs 0.60; P = .003), fewer arrests (0.20 vs 0.45; P = .03), fewer convictions and violations of probation (0.09 vs 0.47; P<.001), fewer lifetime sex partners (0.92 vs 2.48; P= .003), fewer cigarettes smoked per day (1.50 vs 2.50; P= .10), and fewer days having consumed alcohol in the last 6 months (1.09 vs 2.49; P = .03). Parents of nurse-visited children reported that their children had fewer behavioral problems related to use of alcohol and other drugs (0.15 vs 0.34; P = .08). There were no program effects on other behavioral problems. CONCLUSIONS: This program of prenatal and early childhood home visitation by nurses can reduce reported serious antisocial behavior and emergent use of substances on the part of adolescents born into high-risk families.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Delayed first pregnancy among African-American adolescent smokers.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare rates of adolescent pregnancy among African-American adolescents who began smoking as adolescents with those who did not. METHODS: Cross-sectional data on 1042 primiparous African-American women enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of nurse home visitation were examined. The independent variable, adolescent smoking, was defined as a report of smoking before the age of 18 years. The outcome variable was adolescent pregnancy, defined as first pregnancy before the age of 18 years. Logistic regression was used to control for potential confounders. RESULTS: After adjustments for drug use, use of contraception, frequency of coitus, and sexually transmitted diseases, women who smoked during adolescence had a 50% lower risk of becoming pregnant as an adolescent [odds ratio of 0.46 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.27-0.76)]. When time to first pregnancy was examined as a continuous variable, adolescent smoking was associated with a delay in pregnancy of 22.6 months (95% CI 16.8-29.2). CONCLUSIONS: Teen smoking appears to be associated with a significantly lower rate of adolescent pregnancy among African-Americans. Although the nature of this relationship is unclear, this finding suggests the need for linkage between smoking prevention and adolescent pregnancy prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Does child abuse predict adolescent pregnancy?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether sexual and nonsexual childhood abuse are risk factors for early adolescent sexual activity and pregnancy. DESIGN; Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Prenatal clinic within an inner-city teaching hospital from June 1990 to August 1991. POPULATION: One thousand twenty-six primiparous, African-American women enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of nurse home visitation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Four measures of child abuse were used: sexual abuse, incidents of physical abuse, any major physical abuse, and emotional abuse. The outcome measures were age of first consensual coitus and age of first pregnancy. RESULTS: After adjustments for household income, parental separation, urban residence, age of menarche, and teen smoking, sexual abuse during childhood was associated with younger age at first coitus (7.2 months; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6 to 11.7 months) and younger age at first pregnancy (9.7 months; 95% CI, 3.0 to 16.3 months). Incidents of physical abuse showed minimal effect on age at first coitus (1.2 days per incident; 95% CI, 0.5 to 1.9 days) and no effect on age of first pregnancy. A history of major physical abuse or emotional abuse showed no effect on age of first coitus or first pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Child sexual abuse, but not child physical or emotional abuse, seems to be a risk factor for earlier pregnancy among African-American adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effects of prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation on surveillance of child maltreatment.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation on the surveillance of child abuse and neglect by examining differences in the health, living conditions, and maltreatment characteristics of nurse-visited and comparison children who had been identified as maltreated in the first 4 years of life. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Carried out in a semirural community in upstate, New York. Families dispersed throughout 14 other states during 2-year period after children's second birthdays. PARTICIPANTS: 400 primiparous women registered before 30th week of pregnancy, 85% of whom were either teenaged (< 18 years at registration), unmarried, or from Hollingshead social class IV or V. Maltreated subsample consisted of 56 families in which children had a state-verified report of child abuse or neglect during the first 4 years of the children's life. INTERVENTION: Nurse home visitation from pregnancy through the second year of the child's life. MAIN RESULTS: During the two-year period after the program ended, nurse-visited maltreated children lived in homes with fewer observed safety hazards for children; their homes contained more intellectually stimulating toys, games, and reading materials; their mothers were less controlling; and the children paid 87% fewer visits to the physician for injuries or ingestions, and 38% fewer visits to the emergency department. CONCLUSIONS: Children who were identified as maltreated and who were visited by nurses during pregnancy and the first two years of life had less serious expressions of caregiving dysfunction. This is likely to be a reflection, in part, of earlier and more comprehensive detection of child maltreatment on the part of nurse-visited families.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Estrous behavior and endocrine status of dairy heifers with varied intakes of phosphorus.

We investigated whether dietary phosphorus affected estrous intensity of heifers. A total of 48 heifers (Holstein and Jersey) were allotted to diets containing approximately 73% (low), 138% (medium), or 246% (high) of the phosphorus recommended by the National Research Council. Heifers were observed continuously for 48 h beginning 36 h after an estrous-synchronizing treatment of prostaglandin F2 alpha. Heifers began standing estrus 55 +/- 12.6 h (standard deviation) after prostaglandin, with onset randomly throughout the day. Standing estrus lasted 15.4 +/- 4.1 h (standard deviation), and heifers stood to be mounted 3.68 +/- 2.38 (standard deviation) times per hour. Dietary phosphorus concentration altered inorganic phosphorus of blood serum but did not affect significantly overall estrous behavior or blood serum concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, or luteinizing hormone measured around the time of estrus. We conclude that a dietary phosphorus inadequacy as in this study does not alter reproductive endocrine function or estrous intensity in heifers.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Relationships between milk yield and fertility in dairy cattle.

In three studies of 51,618 Holstein, 6,630 Jersey, and 1,524 Guernsey records, correlation was .07 between 120-day milk yield and number of services required for probable conception, independent of days postpartum. The partial regression coefficient for Holsteins was .014 +/- .001 more services for each additional 100 kg of 120-day milk. For Jerseys and Guernseys, .028 +/- .008 more services were required for each additional 100 kg of 120-day milk.

Animals↗