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D R Challoner

Publications and source records attributed to D R Challoner.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Distribution of research awards from the National Institutes of Health among medical schools.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that a small number of the 125 medical schools in the United States receive a disproportionately large share of the research awards granted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). We assessed whether the distribution of NIH research awards to medical schools changed between 1986 and 1997. METHODS: We used NIH data to rank medical schools in each year from 1986 to 1997 according to the number of awards each school received (as a measure of each school's activity in research, also referred to as research intensity). The proportion of awards received by schools ranked 1 to 10, 11 to 30, 31 to 50, and 51 or lower in research activity was then calculated, and changes over time were examined. We also examined changes in the distribution of awards and changes in award amounts according to the type of department, the type of academic degree held by the principal investigator, and the awarding institute. RESULTS: Between 1986 and 1997, the proportion of research awards granted by the NIH to the 10 most research intensive medical schools increased slightly (from 24.6 percent of all awards to 27.1 percent), whereas the 75 least research intensive medical schools (those ranked 51 or lower) received proportionately fewer awards (declining from 24.3 percent to 21.8 percent). The increased proportion of awards to top-10 schools consisted primarily of increases in awards to clinical departments, awards to physicians, and awards from highly competitive NIH institutes. Basic-science departments received a smaller proportion of awards than clinical departments, both in 1986 and in 1997. CONCLUSIONS: Research funded by the NIH is becoming more concentrated in the medical schools that are most active in research.

National Institutes of Health (U.S.)↗
PubMed1981

Research advances and resource constraints: dilemmas facing medical education.

Public investment in health research is concentrated disproportionately in a limited number of United States medical schools: about 75 per cent of federal health-research expenditures occur in the "Top 40" institutions. The heavy resource demands of advanced research, coupled with constrained public investment in the foreseeable future, will cause a gradual shift of resources toward the already research-rich schools. The various implications of this shift in resources for different categories of medical schools are described under different assumptions for the future: growth, a steady state, and decline. These developments underscore a public-policy dilemma. The further concentration of health-research resources in centers of excellence, which is justifiable in terms of maximizing the potential scientific return on the public's investment, is apt to prove disruptive to medical education in many schools in the middle and lower strata of funded research activity.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1979

A rationale for continued federal support of medical education.

Changing circumstances and shifting public attitudes are forcing policy makers and educators to reconsider the rationale for a continuing federal role in support of medical education. Federal institutional support programs are criticized as being inappropriate to current and future needs, socially inequitable and subject to abuse by a coercive governmental apparatus. A rationale for federal support can be advanced, but such support must be designed to avoid unwarranted subsidies and to encourage maximum reliance upon private-sector resources, and should be confined to functions for which the federal government in uniquely suited. The appropriate federal role is conceived as being the ultimate guarantor of financial access to the medical-education system by otherwise qualified students, perfecting the market for human-capital investment.

Budgets↗
PubMed1974

A policy for investment in biomedical research.

Given a continuation of the current approach toward the managing and funding of research across the spectrum of disciplines basic to health, the country is headed for stultification and possible social disaster. Health care delivery should be considered as a science-based social industry and managed accordingly. Stability and adequate relation of the research effort to the industry's output should be sought. The establishment of a trust fund, derived as a percentage of health revenues, and of a public commission or a board of directors to provide expert advice on its expenditures are suggested.

Biology↗
PubMed1972

Free fatty acid oxidation and carnitine levels in diphtheritic guinea pig myocardium.

Previous studies from this laboratory and by Wittels and Bressler have suggested that myocardial carnitine depletion and an accompanying decrease in fatty acid oxidation may contribute to the myocardial disease associated with diphtheria. In addition, administration of carnitine was found to prolong survival of diphtheritic guinea pigs and improve ventricular function in diphtheritic dogs. The present studies document the hypothesis that the defect in myocardial carnitine, directly assayed, could be repleted in diphtheritic guinea pigs to whom carnitine was administered intraperitoneally. The decreased fatty acid oxidation previously reported only for homogenates was confirmed in an isolated perfused diphtheritic guinea pig heart preparation. The addition of L-carnitine to this perfusate augmented fatty acid oxidation to normal levels. Taken together, these and previous studies would support a pathogenetic role for carnitine depletion in diphtheritic myocarditis and suggest the possibility of experimental therapy with L-carnitine.

Animals↗