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Biomedical subjects

D R Jacobs

Publications and source records attributed to D R Jacobs.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Sudden death and acute myocardial infarction in a metropolitan area, 1970-1980. The Minnesota Heart Survey.

To determine the causes of the nationwide decline in deaths due to coronary heart disease, the Minnesota Heart Survey enumerated coronary deaths among persons 30 to 74 years old in Minneapolis-St. Paul. The survey also ascertained rates of hospitalization and case fatality during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction. For deaths occurring between 1970 and 1978 that were due to coronary heart disease, the rates outside the hospital declined by 43 per cent in men and 40 per cent in women, and the rates in hospital emergency rooms increased by 311 per cent in men and 200 per cent in women. In both these years about two thirds of all such deaths occurred outside hospital wards. Between 1970 and 1980, hospitalization rates for acute infarction in persons 30 to 74 years old declined 8 per cent among men and 26 per cent among women, and case fatality in the hospital in persons 45 to 74 years old declined 29 per cent in men and 27 per cent in women. These changes are probably due to the combined influence of changes in risk factors in the population and improved care of patients with acute myocardial infarction before and during hospitalization.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Improvement in hypertension detection and control from 1973-1974 to 1980-1981. The Minnesota Heart Survey experience.

Blood pressures from a 1980-1981 survey of 1,656 adults in Minneapolis-St Paul were compared with BPs from a similar community survey of 3,475 adults conducted in 1973-1974. Mean age-adjusted BPs in 1980-1981 were 3 mm Hg lower for men and 2 mm Hg lower for women than in 1973-1974. Hypertension prevalence, defined as diastolic BP of 95 mm Hg or greater and/or use of antihypertensive medication, was essentially unchanged. In 1973-1974, however, only 40.4% of hypertensive persons had adequately controlled BPs, 13.7% were treated but had conditions that were uncontrolled, 20.4% had known hypertension but were untreated, and 25.5% had previously undetected hypertension. In 1980-1981, the respective percentages were 76.1%, 8.5%, 8.8% and 6.6%. These impressive changes in hypertension detection and control may have contributed to the recent decline in cardiovascular disease mortality in this community.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Nonverbal behavior of the type A individual.

Forty-one health professional students were videotaped during three consecutive conditions: a 5-min wait for a tardy interviewer, the structured interview for determining the Type A behavior pattern, and a 5-min relaxation period. Afterward, subjects were classified as Type A or B based on audiotapes of the interview. The total amount of activity and the frequency or duration of Type A behaviors were compared between Type A and Type B subjects. In all three experimental conditions, Type A subjects moved their arms more than Type B subjects. During both the waiting and the relaxation periods, Type A subjects sat still less and spent more time exploring than did Type B subjects. During the interview, Type A subjects gestured more frequently than Type B subjects. Nonverbal behaviors correctly identified behavior pattern in 71% of the subjects. The addition of nonverbal behaviors improved the discrimination of behavior pattern above that obtained from verbal behavior alone. The greater activity, restlessness, exploratory behavior, and gestures of Type A persons are consistent with the two major etiologies proposed for the Type A behavior pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Development and validation of a self-scoring test for coronary heart disease risk.

Self-administered tests to assess an individual's coronary heart disease risk are common in the popular press. However, delusion and inaccuracy in self-scoring may impair their utility as educational tools. Self-assessment questions concerning dietary cholesterol, weight, cigarette smoking, and blood pressure were administered several days prior to risk measurement to 246 randomly selected adults aged twenty-five to sixty-four. A standard risk score combining measured blood pressure, cigarette smoking on blood cholesterol level was calculated for each participant using a multiple logistic equation. The self-scoring test was derived by multiple regression, using the standard risk score as the dependent variables and the self-assessment responses, age, and sex as independent variables. The multiple R2 of the resulting equation was 0.48. For 86 percent of the participants, the decile of self-assessed risk was within two deciles of the decile of risk calculated from logistic equation. We tested the validity of the self-scoring test in a separate and independent population (n-247) with comparable results. We conclude that the test indicated risk status and sources of elevated risk for many individuals. Such a test can be a valid health education tool.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effects on blood lipids and body weight in high risk men of a practical exercise program.

The effects of moderate exercise on serum total cholesterol (TC), high density (HDL-C), low density (LDL-C), and very low density (VLDL-C) lipoprotein cholesterol fractions, triglycerides (TG), body weight (BW) and skinfolds (SF) were studied during a 12-week period among 23 sedentary middle-aged men. The results show that regular exercise in men eating a fat-modified diet alters in a favorable direction body fat, weight and lipoprotein fractions. Weight loss with exercise significantly increased HDL-C (P = 0.01), although this increase in HDL-C occurred after a latency period of at least 6 weeks and an average weight loss of at least 4 lbs. The amount of exercise effective in risk factor reduction is within the capacity of most middle-aged men.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Localization of specific autoantibodies in the retinal photoreceptor cell layer in experimental retinal autoimmunity.

The presence and localization of autoantibodies was determined in strain 13 guinea pigs with experimental retinal autoimmunity (ERA) induced by immunization with rhodopsin and rod outer segments (ROS). Sera were obtained from rhodopsin-immunized and from ROS-immunized guinea pigs before, during, and after onset of clinical uveitis. Autoantibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescent staining of autogenic retinas as well as normal guinea pig retinas. Sera from animals with clinical disease showed specific labeling of the photoreceptor cell layer of the retina. The rhodopsin autoantibody showed a more defined specificity than the ROS autoantibody staining, only the retinal photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium. Specific fluorescence was localized only in the retina, and not in any other ocular or nonocular tissues. Neither the rhodopsin nor the ROS antibodies stained the uvea. Sera from animals taken before the onset of clinical disease did not demonstrate the presence of retinal-binding autoantibodies. These findings suggest that photoreceptor-binding autoantibodies appear in the sera of animals immunized with rhodopsin and with ROS, but only in animals with clinical disease. However, these antibodies probably are not the primary cause of pathology, since previous passive transfer experiments (data not shown here) could not be achieved with anti-ROS or with anti-rhodopsin antibodies. These autoantibodies could occur secondarily as a response to the bovine antigens which cross-reacted with the autologous guinea pig antigens. Subsequently these antibodies could be of primary importance in further tissue alteration and destruction.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The hypolipidemic effect of locust bean gum food products in familial hypercholesterolemic adults and children.

Seventeen adults and 11 children, a group of 18 familial hypercholesterolemic (FHC) and 10 normal subjects, were fed products with and without locust bean gum (LBG) (8 to 30 g/day) to assess the hypolipidemic effect of LBG. Identical food products with and without LBG were consumed by two groups (A and B) of arbitrarily assigned patients using a cross-over design. Plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were measured at 2-wk intervals and compared to control feeding periods. In group A, FHC C decreased 10% and LDL-C 11%, normal subjects decreased C 6% and LDL-C 10% (p less than 0.001). In group B, FHC C decreased 17% and LDL-C 19%, normal subjects decreased cholesterol 11%, and LDL-C 6% (p less than 0.001). Cholesterol and LDL-C were lowered in FHC children in both groups. High-density lipoprotein/LDL ratios increased in both groups. The use of food products with LBG in children and adults is a unique approach to treating FHC. LBG food acceptance was good, and there were no significant side effects. LBG in food products appears to be an effective, safe approach to controlling hyperlipidemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Lipid concentrations in serum and EDTA-treated plasma from fasting and nonfasting normal persons, with particular regard to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Serum/plasma sample pairs, collected both during (12-h) fasting and nonfasting from 44 healthy subjects, were analyzed for total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides. Values for total cholesterol and triglycerides averaged 2.1% and 5.2%, respectively, higher for serum than for plasma. Values for HDL cholesterol were not different. Triglyceride concentrations in nonfasting subjects were 40% higher than concentrations during fasting, but total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were not significantly affected by fasting. These findings suggest that concentrations of HDL cholesterol may be directly compared in clinical and epidemiological settings without regard to whether serum or plasma was sampled or whether the subjects were fasting or nonfasting.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Retest reliability of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride. The Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study.

Retest reliability for plasma cholesterol and triglyceride is important diagnostically and in the planning of studies. Coefficients of variation of about 8% for cholesterol and 25% for triglyceride are reported here during Visits 1 and 2 of the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study in 1972-1975. Retest reliability showed little or no dependence on other factors studied. It would not be unusual to observe apparent cholesterol changes of 50 mg/dl and occasionally 100 mg/dl with no obvious explanation. Apparent random triglyceride changes may be as high as several hundred mg/dl. It is of clinical importance that two thirds of persons in the upper quintile of cholesterol and/or triglyceride at first measurement remain in this rank and one third rank lower on retest. Multiple observations of these lipid values are recommended both for clinical use and for establishment of study baselines.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Senile cataracts and myopia.

A retrospective survey of 32 persons with myopia and 38 persons with emmetropia who had been operated on at two US Army hospitals on the California coast showed that the persons with myopia who had worn eyeglasses for at least 20 years underwent cataract extraction at a significantly (P less than .00005) older age than the persons with emmetropia (median age at the time of the operation was 70 years, compared with 64 years). These results support the theory that some protection against solar ultraviolet radiation is offered the eyes by eye wear worn continuously and that solar ultraviolet radiation may be a contributing factor in the formation of human senile cataracts.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

The effect of various vegetable supplements on serum cholesterol.

Several previous studies have indicated that vegetables may lower serum total cholesterol. This study, using a Latin square experimental design, investigates the effect of three vegetable supplements (vegetable roots, vegetable leaves and stalks, whole grains) on serum lipoprotein cholesterol. The results from each vegetable supplement are compared to the results from a sucrose supplement of equal caloric content. Dietary fat, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, body weight, and physical activity are all controlled in the experimental design or the analysis. The results show that the effect of vegetables on serum cholesterol is not confined to one vegetable grouping or one type of lipoprotein cholesterol. Vegetable leaves and stalks are associated with lower values of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (and possibly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and total cholesterol. Whole grains are associated with lower values of low density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol. In addition to the actual cholesterol lowering effect compared to sucrose, the lack of an increase, suggests some advantage in the use of these vegetable groupings (even roots) as a replacement for fat in the diet, and vegetable leaves and whole grains as a replacement for sucrose.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Relationship of physical characteristics and life habits to treadmill exercise capacity.

Apparently healthy middle-aged men (n = 175) were recruited from a population sample and completed questionnaires about habitual physical activity, smoking, beverage consumption and sleep habits. Body mass index (BMI), heart rate and blood pressure were measured at rest and during submaximal exercise; frequency of ventricular premature beats (VPB) on an ECG rhythm strip; hand grip strength; and serum cholesterol. These characteristics were correlated with duration of treadmill exercise by the Bruce protocol. Univariate analysis indicated that treadmill performance was significantly and positively correlated with leisure-time physical activity and personal reports of sweating and/or dyspnea occurring regularly during such physical activity. Performance was negatively correlated with age, BMI, resting heart rate, cigarette smoking, and consumption of caffeine-containing beverages, but was insignificantly related to job physical activity, hand grip strength, alcohol consumption, sleep habits, blood pressure, cigar smoking, serum cholesterol, and the frequency of VPB. A 0.75 multiple correlation coefficient was found between treadmill performance and 11 of the above variables and the r is increased to 0.81 by adding heart rate during submaximal exercise. It is concluded that substantial prediction of work capacity and physical fitness of population is achieved by questionnaires and easily obtained, noninvasive physical measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Saliva thiocyanate: a chemical indicator of cigarette smoking in adolescents.

Denial and minimization in self-reports of cigarette smoking are probable common among youth and other groups where smoking is discouraged. Chemical measures may obtain more accurate measurement of smoking habits in those groups. One such measure, saliva thiocyanate (SCN), was evaluated in 1,419 eighth grade students. In that group, 54.9% of students admitted to regular smoking of greater than one pack/week had thiocyanates greater than or equal to 100 m g/ml compared to 2.3% nonsmokers at those levels. Of students who smoked greater than or equal to 10 cigarettes in the prior 24 hours, 66.7% were at or above 100 microgram/ml. Elevated SCN in nonsmokers was uncommon. Saliva SCN is a safe, inexpensive, and acceptable prevalence measurement for cigarette smoking. It can be used in place of self-reports to document smoking of greater than on pack/week in populations of youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Smoking and weight: the Minnesota Lipid Research Clinic.

The relationship between smoking and weight was examined in data of Lipid Research Clinic (LRC) Prevalence Study in Richfield, Minnesota. Weight was analyzed according to smoking status, age, and sex, holding constant self-perceived physical activity relative to others of the same age and sex. Our findings confirm that weight differences between smokers of 15-29 cigarettes a day (cig/day) and those who never smoked are noticeable in 20-39 year olds and quite marked in the 40-59 year age group. Ex-smokers are somewhat heavier than those who never smoked while, among smokers, a U-shaped curve exists with those smoking 15-29 cig/day being the lightest class. Height varied little between smoking classes. Daily caloric intake was estimated based on 24-hour dietary recalls and analyzed according to smoking status, sex, and age. The results showed that smokers of 15-29 cig/day generally are consuming at least as many or more calories as those who never smoked yet have lower weight.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Prevention of cigarette smoking in seventh grade students.

An 8-month school-based smoking prevention program tested with 1526 seventh grade students resulted in a substantial reduction in the incidence of smoking relative to a comparison population. Two curriculum elements were found to have important deterrent effects on smoking onset: (1) emphasis on immediate and primarily social consequences of smoking and (2) personalization of the course materials and mode of presentation to include relevant peer role models and active individual role playing. Thiocyanate analysis of saliva samples taken from all participants corroborated the validity of self-report measures of smoking behavior.

Adolescent↗