Biomedical subjects

D R Jacobs

Publications and source records attributed to D R Jacobs.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed1998

Effects of a long-term hypertension control program on stroke incidence and prevalence in a rural community in northeastern Japan.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the benefit of antihypertensive treatment in preventing stroke, the effectiveness of community-based programs is largely unknown. We investigated long-term community-based prevention activities. METHODS: In rural northeastern Japan, people aged > or = 30 years numbered 3219 in the full intervention community and 1468 in the minimal intervention community in 1965. Systematic blood pressure screening and health education began in 1963. Stroke was registered through 1987. RESULTS: More than 80% of people aged 40 to 69 years were screened in both communities in the 1960s. One community charged for screening services after 1968, whereas the other community intensified intervention; subsequently, screening rates and the follow-up of hypertensive individuals declined in the minimal intervention community, especially in men. In men, stroke incidence declined more (P < 0.001) in the full intervention (42% in the period 1970 to 1975, 53% in the period 1976 to 1981, and 75% in the period 1982 to 1987) than in the minimal intervention community (5% increase, 20% decrease, and 29% decrease, respectively); in women, the stroke incidence declined about 45% to 65% in both communities. Changes in stroke prevalence paralleled those in stroke incidence. Trends in systolic blood pressure levels tend to explain the differential stroke rates in men. CONCLUSIONS: Delivery of hypertension control services through intensive, free, community-wide screening and health education was effective in prevention of stroke for men in a community.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Trends in cigarette smoking: the Minnesota Heart Survey, 1980 through 1992.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe trends in the prevalence of cigarette smoking between 1980 through 1982 and 1990 through 1992 in Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. METHODS: Three population-based surveys were conducted among adults 25 to 74 years of age in 1980 through 1982, 1985 through 1987, and 1990 through 1992. RESULTS: Overall age-adjusted prevalences of cigarette smoking declined significantly between 1980-1982 and 1985-1987 and between 1985-1987 and 1990-1992. Serum thiocyanate, a biochemical marker for tobacco use, also declined significantly over the 3 periods. CONCLUSIONS: Favorable trends in smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption among smokers were observed, but disturbing trends in some smoking behaviors were also noted.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

The prospective relationships between smoking and weight in a young, biracial cohort: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.

This study examined the relationship between smoking status and weight change from baseline to Year 7 in a large biracial cohort, the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. Unadjusted for covariates, only male smokers weighed less than nonsmokers, with no effect among women. Adjusted for covariates, male and female smokers weighed less than nonsmokers at baseline, adjusted for age, total energy intake, alcohol intake, and physical fitness. Over the 7-year follow-up, all smoking status groups gained weight, including continuous smokers and initiators. Weight gain was greatest among those who quit smoking. Weight gain attributable to smoking cessation was 4.2 kg for Whites and 6.6 kg for Blacks. Smoking had a small weight-attenuating effect on Blacks. No such effects, however, were observed among Whites. These results suggest, at least in younger smokers, that smoking has minimal impact on body weight.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Reduced cholesterol is associated with recent minor illness: the CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults.

Lower levels of plasma total cholesterol have been observed during severe infection, but it is not known whether the minor illnesses encountered in the general population are also associated with reduced cholesterol. This paper examines the relation between minor illness and plasma lipids, using 7- and 10-year follow-up data from more than 3,000 generally healthy participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. At both 7 and 10 years, approximately 8.5% of participants stated they had been "ill with cold, flu, fever, or vomiting in the past 24 hours." In both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, the plasma total cholesterol was about 5 mg/dl lower (p < 0.006) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol about 1.2 mg/dl lower (p < 0.12) in those who reported minor illness than in those who did not. Plasma triglycerides did not vary with minor illness. The authors conclude that reductions in plasma total, low density, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol mark an acute phase response even during minor illness. These reductions may bias surveys over a limited geographic area during a short period because the proportion with minor illness may vary locally. Because this effect should be stronger with more precise illness diagnosis, clinicians should avoid making measurements for cholesterol management when illness may alter plasma lipid levels and the resulting decisions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Lack of relations of hostility, negative affect, and high-risk behavior with low plasma lipid levels in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that low plasma cholesterol levels or cholesterol lowering may increase the risk of suicide and violent death. Increased aggression, risk-taking behavior, or depression has been associated with low cholesterol levels in some studies. METHODS: A total of 4240 subjects of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study, aged 23 to 35 years, were included in the study. Analyses were stratified by race (black or white) and sex. Persons in the lowest 10% of plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were compared with the other participants in each race/sex group, using standardized measures of hostility, anger suppression, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. The relations between 5-year change in hostility and 5-year change in lipid levels also were examined. The relations between lipid levels and high-risk behavior (e.g., violent arguments or having a gun at home) were examined in a subset of subjects. All analyses were adjusted for relevant covariates. RESULTS: In cross-sectional analyses, low total cholesterol levels were not related to any of the psychological measures in any race/sex group. Among black women only, low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was related to greater anxiety, and low triglycerides were related to lower anger suppression (P < or = .002). Among white men only, increases in hostility during the 5-year follow-up were related to increases in triglycerides (P < .01), but changes in hostility were unrelated to changes in cholesterol levels. Among a subset of 371 subjects with initially elevated total cholesterol (> or = 5.17 mmol/L [> or = 200 mg/dL]) and a non-medicated decrease of 0.52 mmol/L (> or = 20 mg/dL) or more during 5 years, hostility decreased in a univariate analysis (P < .001). High-risk behaviors also were not associated with low lipid levels. CONCLUSION: The results do not support a consistent relation between hostility, negative affect, or high-risk behaviors with low lipid levels or lipid-lowering among young adults.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Predictors of red cell folate level in women attempting pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of red cell folate level in women attempting to become pregnant. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: A health maintenance organization serving the Minneapolis-St Paul, Minn, area. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 189 healthy, primarily white women aged 22 to 35 years enrolled in the Diana Project, a population-based prospective study of preconceptional and prenatal risks to reproductive outcomes. The sample represents 189 of 219 enrolled women who were sequentially selected from the total Diana Project sample to receive additional laboratory analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Red cell folate level. RESULTS: Folic acid supplements, folic acid intake from fortified cereals, vitamin C supplements, and serum zinc level (inverse) were found to predict red cell folate levels. Previous research has shown that red cell folate levels higher than 906 nmol/L (400 ng/mL) may be optimal for the prevention of folate-responsive neural tube defects. For folic acid supplement users, folate intakes of 450 microg per day and higher corresponded to these protective levels of red cell folate. In nonusers of supplements, intakes of more than 500 microg of folate per day from foods and folic acid-fortified cereals may be needed to attain red cell folate levels higher than 906 nmol/L (400 ng/mL). Red cell folate levels higher than 906 nmol/L (400 ng/mL) were primarily found in women who took folic acid supplements. Only 1 in 4 women had red cell folate levels higher than 906 nmol/L (400 ng/mL), while 1 in 8 had red cell folate levels indicative of a negative folate balance. Addition of a daily, 400-microg folic acid supplement to the usual diet would result in red cell folate levels over 906 nmol/L (400 ng/mL) in a majority of women in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation of diets of women of childbearing potential with 400 microg of folic acid per day would effectively raise red cell folate to levels associated with a low risk of folate-responsive neural tube defects. Protective levels of red cell folate may also be obtained by ample consumption of vegetables, fruits, and folic acid-fortified breakfast cereals. Efforts to increase folic acid supplement use and folate consumption among women of childbearing potential must go beyond fortification of refined cereal and grain products and reach women within all educational and income groups.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Risk factors for kidney damage in the adult population of Wadena, Minnesota. A prospective study.

An increased albumin excretion rate (AER) is associated with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus in some populations, but data on Americans of Northern European origin are lacking. In 1986-1987, AER and creatinine clearance were measured in 455 adults in a survey of the population of Wadena, Minnesota. Thirty-five subjects (8%) had an AER > or = 15 micrograms/minute, and eight of these had overt proteinuria (AER > or = 175 micrograms/minute). AER and creatinine clearance were uncorrelated except when AER was increased. Unadjusted mean AER in a stratified random sample of adults (n = 374) was 3.6 micrograms/minute. Adjusted values for 277 subjects with normal glucose tolerance and for 80 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance were very similar (3.8 and 3.7 micrograms/minute, respectively), whereas mean AER was 5.4 micrograms/minute for persons with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) who were not taking insulin and 9.4 micrograms/minute for persons with NIDDM who were taking insulin (p < 0.0001). After adjustment for age, mean creatinine clearance was unrelated to glucose tolerance. Systolic blood pressure was a major determinant of increased AER (p < 0.0001) and lowered creatinine clearance (p = 0.0011), independently of diabetes. AER was stable over 5 years among the 321 cases who were not taking insulin and were not severely hypertensive. The decrease in creatinine clearance was greater in ex-smokers and current smokers than in nonsmokers. The authors conclude that hypertension and NIDDM were independently associated with the risk of kidney damage in this population, as indicated by a higher AER. High-normal blood pressure, but not impaired glucose tolerance, was associated with microalbuminuria. These relatively mild changes may reflect an ethnically based resistance to the damaging effects of hyperglycemia on the kidney. Smoking may accelerate the aging-related decline in glomerular filtration rate.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Induction of HL-60 cell differentiation by carotenoids.

Recent observations indicated that carotenoids affected the proliferation and differentiation of certain cell lines. In the current experiments, beta-carotene and lutein were tested for the induction of differentiation with HL-60 cells, a bipotent promyelocytic leukemia cell line. Cultures were incubated with lutein (0.0-10.0 mumol/l), beta-carotene (0.0-10.0 mumol/l), and retinoic acid (0.0-1.0 mumol/l); retinoic acid incubations were positive controls for the differentiation of HL-60 cells into granulocytes. The carotenoid-incubated cultures developed significantly more (p < or = 0.05) differentiated cells than control cultures (vehicle alone). Morphology of the carotenoid-incubated cells indicated differentiation along the granulocytic pathway. The percentage of differentiated cells increased significantly throughout a seven-day incubation period to 25% (lutein), 35% (beta-carotene), and 75% (retinoic acid). A dose response was found for lutein (0.0-10.0 mumol/l), but not for beta-carotene. Throughout the incubation period, the percentage of differentiated cells in negative control cultures did not change, remaining at the initial background level (approximately 5%). These results provide evidence for carotenoid-induced differentiation of cells. Induction of cell differentiation by a carotenoid without (lutein) and with (beta-carotene) vitamin A activity suggested a vitamin A-independent mode of action for carotenoids in cell differentiation.

Carotenoids↗

PubMed1997

Solubilization of beta-carotene in culture media.

Several methods were evaluated for the solubilization of supraphysiological concentrations of beta-carotene in culture media. The addition of beta-carotene in ethanol as 0.1% (vol/vol) of culture medium that contained 10% fetal bovine serum and incubation at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes solubilized approximately 50% of the added carotenoid. Solubilized beta-carotene concentrations from 3.06 to 36.4 mumol/l were obtained by this method. Ultracentrifugation studies localized the solubilized beta-carotene to low-density lipoproteins (67.0%) and high-density lipoproteins (24.9%). Other methods utilizing various amounts of fetal bovine serum, ethanol, and hexane as solvents did not significantly improve the solubilization of beta-carotene compared with the use of ethanol as 0.1% (vol/vol) of culture medium that contained 10% fetal bovine serum. Nonetheless, solubilization of supraphysiological concentrations of beta-carotene indicated the feasibility of preparing culture media containing physiological concentrations (approximately 0.5 mumol/l) of beta-carotene.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Serum total cholesterol and risk of hospitalization, and death from respiratory disease.

BACKGROUND: In earlier studies, serum total cholesterol was inversely associated with death due to respiratory diseases. METHODS: Relationships of cholesterol with risk of respiratory diseases were examined between 1978 and 1993 in a health maintenance organization in Northern California (48,188 men, 55,276 women, about 60% white, age range 25-89). Incident and fatal endpoints were ascertained using hospital discharge diagnostic codes and underlying cause of death, respectively. RESULTS: An inverse association of cholesterol level with pneumonia/influenza hospitalization was found among men and women except that, contrary to hypothesis, a positive association was seen in women under 55 years of age. Inconsistent inverse associations were found in men, but not women, between cholesterol level and hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Hospitalization for asthma was unrelated to cholesterol level. An inverse association existed between cholesterol level and hospitalization for miscellaneous respiratory diseases among men, but not women. Exclusion of early hospitalizations tended to attenuate risk for cholesterol level below 4.14 mmol/l, but not the risk gradient across higher cholesterol levels. For deaths, cholesterol level was statistically significantly inversely associated only with COPD. CONCLUSIONS: Cholesterol had graded inverse associations with some respiratory diseases, but not others, tending to be stronger in men than in women, and in older than in younger participants. Associations varied for hospitalizations compared to deaths. More epidemiological and basic research is needed to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying the observed associations.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Recruitment, retention and characteristics of women in a prospective study of preconceptional risks to reproductive outcomes: experience of the Diana Project.

Preterm delivery, low birthweight, and intrauterine growth retardation are common and recalcitrant problems in many countries. Although much remains to be learned, we know particularly little about the relationships between preconceptional and early pregnancy exposures and these and other reproductive outcomes. The study presented here was primarily designed to investigate the relationships between nutritional exposures measured before and during pregnancy and reproductive outcomes. This paper describes methods used to recruit the required 1000 preconceptional women from the collaborating health maintenance organisation (HMO) and the retention of participants in this time-intensive study. The results presented demonstrate that an adequate completion rate (66.3%), and a remarkably representative sample of women that poses few threats to the study's validity, can be obtained by population-based recruitment of women from an HMO.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Association of serum vitamin levels, LDL susceptibility to oxidation, and autoantibodies against MDA-LDL with carotid atherosclerosis. A case-control study. The ARIC Study Investigators. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities.

Oxidative modification of LDL is believed to be a crucial step in atherosclerosis. Thus, antioxidant vitamins may have a role in the prevention of coronary disease. We examined the cross-sectional association of serum vitamin levels, the susceptibility of LDL to hemin-induced oxidation (lag phase to conjugated diene formation), and the malondialdehyde-LDL (MDA-LDL) to native LDL radioactivity binding ratio with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), a measure of asymptomatic early atherosclerosis. The participants in this observational study were 231 asymptomatic age-, sex-, race-, and field center-matched case-control pairs selected from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study cohort on the basis of B-mode carotid artery ultrasonograms obtained from 1986 through 1989. Cases exceeded the 90th percentile of IMT, and control subjects were below the 75th percentile of IMT for all arterial segments. Biochemical analyses were performed on fasting frozen (-70 degrees C) serum specimens collected from 1990 through 1992. In conditional logistic regression adjusting for age, blood storage time, total cholesterol, and log-triglyceride concentrations, serum beta-cryptoxanthin and lutein plus zeaxanthin levels were inversely related to the extent of atherosclerosis (odds ratio [OR] per 1-SD increase: 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59-0.94; and OR per 1-SD increase: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.59-0.95, respectively). Increases in alpha-carotene and lycopene were associated with nonsignificantly lower odds of being a case, whereas beta-carotene, retinol, and alpha-tocopherol were unrelated to IMT. Although not reaching statistical significance, the lag phase and autoantibodies against MDA-LDL were positively associated with asymptomatic atherosclerosis. After adjustment for potential confounders, only the inverse association of lutein plus zeaxanthin with asymptomatic atherosclerosis was maintained. This study supports a modest inverse association between circulating levels of some carotenoids, particularly lutein plus zeaxanthin, and carotid IMT. These findings suggest that these carotenoid compounds (regarded as biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake) may be important in early stages of atherosclerosis.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1997

Seven-year trends in body weight and associations with lifestyle and behavioral characteristics in black and white young adults: the CARDIA study.

OBJECTIVES: This study estimated the amount of weight change in a biracial cohort of young adults and the separate components attributable to time-related and aging-related changes, as well as identified possible determinants of weight change. METHODS: In this population-based prospective study of 18- to 30-year-old African-American and White men and women, body weight and prevalence of overweight were measured from 1985/86 to 1992/93. RESULTS: Average weight increased over the 7 years, increases ranging from 5.2 kg (SE = 0.2, n = 811) in White women to 8.5 kg (SE = 0.3, n = 882) in African-American women. Significant time-related increases in weight, ranging from 2.0 kg (SE = 1.0) in White women to 4.8 kg (SE = 1.0, n = 711) in African-American men, accounted for 40% to 60% of the average total weight gain. Aging-related increases were also significant, ranging from 2.6 kg (SE = 0.8, n = 944) in White men to 5.0 kg (SE = 1.1) in African-American women. The prevalence of overweight increased progressively in each group. Decreased physical fitness was most strongly associated with weight gain in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The observed dramatic time-related weight gains, most likely due to secular (period-related) trends, are a serious public health concern.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Hyperinsulinemia and the development of ST-T electrocardiographic abnormalities. An 11-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested that insulin resistance and consequent hyperinsulinemia promote atherosclerosis, but few prospective studies have reported the relationships between hyperinsulinemia and the development of ST-T abnormalities in the 12-lead resting electrocardiogram (ECG) in populations in which atherosclerosis is rare. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 304 Japanese men and women, aged 20-69 years, selected for having high blood glucose or more than a trace-positive urine glucose from a population-based health examination in 1981, were followed for 11 years. Of these, 33 died, 1 from myocardial infarction, while 260/271 living were reexamined in 1992. The 237 subjects with a normal ECG at the baseline examination were analyzed. RESULTS: Incident ST-T abnormalities occurred in 13/237 people. Insulin concentrations were positively associated with the development of ST-T abnormalities (relative risk approximately 8, comparing those in the highest versus lowest quartile of insulin values). Adjustment for age, sex, and systolic blood pressure or other risk factors had little effect on this relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperinsulinemia was related to the development of ST-T abnormalities in ECGs in the absence of the development of clinical signs of atherosclerosis, independent of blood pressure and other risk factors in men and women with mild glucose intolerance.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Community education for cardiovascular disease prevention. Morbidity and mortality results from the Minnesota Heart Health Program.

The Minnesota Heart Health Program was a community trial of cardiovascular disease prevention methods that was conducted from 1980 to 1990 in three Upper Midwestern communities with three matched comparison communities. A 5- to 6-year intervention program used community-wide and individual health education in an attempt to decrease population risk. A major hypothesis was that the incidence of validated fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease and stroke in 30- to 74-year-old men and women would decline differentially in the education communities after the health promotion program was introduced. This hypothesis was investigated using mixed-model regression. The intervention effect was modeled as a series of annual departures from a linear secular trend after a 2-year lag from the start of the intervention program. In the education communities, 2,394 cases of coronary heart disease and 818 cases of stroke occurred, with 2,526 and 739 cases, respectively, being seen in the comparison communities. The overall decline in coronary heart disease incidence was 1.8 percent per year in men (p = 0.03) and 3.6 percent per year in women (p = 0.007). For stroke, there were no significant secular trends. The authors recently published findings showing minimal effects of sustained intervention on risk factor levels. In the current report, there was no evidence of a significant intervention effect on morbidity or mortality, either for coronary heart disease or for stroke.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Increase in fasting insulin and glucose over seven years with increasing weight and inactivity of young adults. The CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults.

To characterize 7-year changes in fasting serum insulin and glucose concentrations, the authors analyzed population-based data on 3,095 nondiabetic black and white men and women who were initially aged 18-30 years in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Measurements were made of fasting insulin (by an assay with little cross-reactivity to proinsulin) and fasting glucose on frozen samples from baseline and Year 7 examinations. Over the 7-year period, mean fasting insulin increased 10-25%, mean fasting glucose increased 7-10%, and mean body mass increased 7-12% across the four race-, sex-groups. The strongest predictor of both insulin increase and glucose increase was an increase in body mass over the 7 years. Adjusted for age and examination time period in race-, sex-specific repeated measures analyses, fasting insulin increased longitudinally by approximately 5 microU/mL per 5 kg/m2 increase in body mass index (p < 0.05). Adjusted for age and time period, fasting insulin increased over the 7 years by approximately 2.5 microU/mL per 0.08 unit increase in waist/hip ratio (p < 0.05), although this association was much stronger cross-sectionally. In a similar model, each 100 unit decrease in physical activity longitudinally predicted a 0.1-0.2 microU/mL increase in fasting insulin (p < 0.05 in black men only); this association was stronger and statistically significant in all race-, sex-groups cross-sectionally. Fasting insulin was not associated with energy intake either cross-sectionally or longitudinally, but age- and time-adjusted associations of insulin change with change in several nutrients (e.g., energy from fat) were statistically significant in whites. The authors conclude that marked increased in weight in young adulthood adversely alters glucose and insulin metabolism, and that, if not reversed, this may lead to harmful health consequences in later life.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Change and secular trends in physical activity patterns in young adults: a seven-year longitudinal follow-up in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA).

Levels and changes in self-reported physical activity over a 7-year period were examined to determine tracking and to estimate the proportion of total cohort change attributable to secular trends. A population-based sample of 2,328 men and 2,787 women aged 18-30 years at baseline (52% black and 48% white) from Birmingham, Alabama, Chicago, Illinois, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Oakland, California, were examined four times between 1985-1986 and 1992-1993. The intraclass correlation for up to four measures was 0.57 for the entire sample, varying between 0.57 for white men and 0.42 for black women, indicating a moderate tendency for tracking. The energy expenditure in physical activity at each examination was greatest in black men and, compared with black men, about 5% less in white men, 30% less in white women, and 50% less in black women. The total cohort decrease in mean physical activity was approximately 30% in each race-sex group. The secular trend accounted for 38% of the total cohort change in black men, 43% in black women, 52% in white men, and 81% in white women. Physical activity declined sharply during the early years of adulthood, partly because of secular trend. Young adults are therefore an important target group for physical activity promotion programs to reverse individual and populationwide declines prior to middle age.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Television viewing and cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: the CARDIA study.

Cross-sectional associations between self-reported hours of television (TV) viewing per day and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed in a biracial (black and white) study population of 4280 men and women, ages 23 to 35 years, undergoing the year-5 follow-up examination for the Cardiovascular Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study in 1990 to 1991. Number of hours of TV viewing per day was higher in blacks than in whites and was inversely associated with education and income. Relative to "light" TV viewers (0 to 1 h/d), "heavy" TV viewers (> or = 4 h/d) had a higher prevalence (P < 0.05) of obesity, smoking, and high hostility score in all race/gender groups, and of physical inactivity in all groups except black men. Among whites, "heavy" TV viewers had higher depression scores, and among blacks, reported more alcohol use. TV viewing was not associated with hypertension and lipid abnormalities. Heavy TV viewing is a modifiable behavior that is associated with increased prevalence of several cardiovascular risk factors.

Adult↗